Thanks a lot, it works. Changed
simple_allow_groups = Simple Users(a)FOOBAR.GLOBAL
to
simple_allow_groups = Simple Users(a)FOOBAR_NOLOGIN.GLOBAL
and it works as intended. One thing to keep in mind: These AD users must now be referenced in Linux (e.g. in /etc/sudoers) not by their AD domain of origin but by their sssd section domain, e.g simpleuser@FOOBAR_NOLOGIN.GLOBAL. For simplicity I also changed the other sssd section to [domain/FOOBAR.GLOBAL], and works fine.
Many thanks for your assistance.