[opus] initial import
Peter Robinson
pbrobinson at fedoraproject.org
Mon Oct 17 13:33:03 UTC 2011
commit e0e828a5f5e9ae432e618ca997c6a446d0a0a3a3
Author: Peter Robinson <pbrobinson at gmail.com>
Date: Mon Oct 17 14:32:59 2011 +0100
initial import
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draft-ietf-codec-opus-08.txt |15176 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
opus.spec | 60 +
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+
+Network Working Group JM. Valin
+Internet-Draft Octasic Inc.
+Intended status: Standards Track K. Vos
+Expires: February 17, 2012 Skype Technologies S.A.
+ T. Terriberry
+ Mozilla Corporation
+ August 16, 2011
+
+
+ Definition of the Opus Audio Codec
+ draft-ietf-codec-opus-08
+
+Abstract
+
+ This document defines the Opus codec, designed for interactive speech
+ and audio transmission over the Internet.
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+ This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
+ provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
+
+ Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
+ Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
+ working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
+ Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
+
+ Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
+ and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
+ time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
+ material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
+
+ This Internet-Draft will expire on February 17, 2012.
+
+Copyright Notice
+
+ Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
+ document authors. All rights reserved.
+
+ This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
+ Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
+ (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
+ publication of this document. Please review these documents
+ carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
+ to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
+ include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
+ the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
+ described in the Simplified BSD License.
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 1]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+ 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
+ 1.1. Notation and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
+ 1.1.1. min(x,y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
+ 1.1.2. max(x,y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
+ 1.1.3. clamp(lo,x,hi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
+ 1.1.4. sign(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
+ 1.1.5. log2(f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
+ 1.1.6. ilog(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
+ 2. Opus Codec Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
+ 3. Codec Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 3.1. The TOC Byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 3.2. Frame Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
+ 3.2.1. Frame Length Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
+ 3.2.2. One Frame in the Packet (Code 0) . . . . . . . . . . 11
+ 3.2.3. Two Frames in the Packet, Each with Equal
+ Compressed Size (Code 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
+ 3.2.4. Two Frames in the Packet, with Different
+ Compressed Sizes (Code 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
+ 3.2.5. An Arbitrary Number of Frames in the Packet
+ (Code 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
+ 3.3. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
+ 3.4. Extending Opus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
+ 4. Opus Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
+ 4.1. Range Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
+ 4.1.1. Decoding Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
+ 4.1.2. Alternate Decoding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
+ 4.1.3. Decoding Raw Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
+ 4.1.4. Decoding Uniformly Distributed Integers . . . . . . . 22
+ 4.1.5. Current Bit Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
+ 4.2. SILK Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
+ 4.2.1. Decoder Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
+ 4.2.2. Header Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
+ 4.2.3. LBRR Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
+ 4.2.4. SILK Frame Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
+ 4.2.5. LBRR Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
+ 4.3. CELT Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
+ 4.3.1. Transient Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
+ 4.3.2. Energy Envelope Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
+ 4.3.3. Bit allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
+ 4.3.4. Shape Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
+ 4.3.5. Anti-collapse processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
+ 4.3.6. Denormalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
+ 4.3.7. Inverse MDCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
+ 4.3.8. Packet Loss Concealment (PLC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
+ 4.4. Mode Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
+ 4.4.1. Switching Side Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
+
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+ 5. Codec Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
+ 5.1. Range Coder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
+ 5.1.1. Encoding Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
+ 5.1.2. Encoding Raw Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
+ 5.1.3. Encoding Uniformly Distributed Integers . . . . . . . 90
+ 5.1.4. Finalizing the Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
+ 5.1.5. Current Bit Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
+ 5.2. SILK Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
+ 5.2.1. Voice Activity Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
+ 5.2.2. High-Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
+ 5.2.3. Pitch Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
+ 5.2.4. Noise Shaping Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
+ 5.2.5. Prefilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
+ 5.2.6. Prediction Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
+ 5.2.7. LSF Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
+ 5.2.8. LTP Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
+ 5.2.9. Noise Shaping Quantizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
+ 5.2.10. Range Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
+ 5.3. CELT Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
+ 5.3.1. Pre-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
+ 5.3.2. Forward MDCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
+ 5.3.3. Bands and Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
+ 5.3.4. Energy Envelope Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
+ 5.3.5. Spherical Vector Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
+ 5.3.6. Stereo support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
+ 5.3.7. Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
+ 5.3.8. Variable Bitrate (VBR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
+ 6. Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
+ 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
+ 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
+ 9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
+ 10. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
+ Appendix A. Reference Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
+ A.1. Extracting the source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
+ A.2. Development Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
+ A.3. Base64-encoded source code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
+ Appendix B. opus_compare.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
+ Appendix C. Self-Delimiting Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
+ Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
+
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+1. Introduction
+
+ The Opus codec is a real-time interactive audio codec composed of a
+ linear prediction (LP)-based layer and a Modified Discrete Cosine
+ Transform (MDCT)-based layer. The main idea behind using two layers
+ is that in speech, linear prediction techniques (such as CELP) code
+ low frequencies more efficiently than transform (e.g., MDCT) domain
+ techniques, while the situation is reversed for music and higher
+ speech frequencies. Thus a codec with both layers available can
+ operate over a wider range than either one alone and, by combining
+ them, achieve better quality than either one individually.
+
+ The primary normative part of this specification is provided by the
+ source code in Appendix A. In general, only the decoder portion of
+ this software is normative, though a significant amount of code is
+ shared by both the encoder and decoder. The decoder contains
+ significant amounts of integer and fixed-point arithmetic which must
+ be performed exactly, including all rounding considerations, so any
+ useful specification must make extensive use of domain-specific
+ symbolic language to adequately define these operations.
+ Additionally, any conflict between the symbolic representation and
+ the included reference implementation must be resolved. For the
+ practical reasons of compatibility and testability it would be
+ advantageous to give the reference implementation priority in any
+ disagreement. The C language is also one of the most widely
+ understood human-readable symbolic representations for machine
+ behavior. For these reasons this RFC uses the reference
+ implementation as the sole symbolic representation of the codec.
+
+ While the symbolic representation is unambiguous and complete it is
+ not always the easiest way to understand the codec's operation. For
+ this reason this document also describes significant parts of the
+ codec in English and takes the opportunity to explain the rationale
+ behind many of the more surprising elements of the design. These
+ descriptions are intended to be accurate and informative, but the
+ limitations of common English sometimes result in ambiguity, so it is
+ expected that the reader will always read them alongside the symbolic
+ representation. Numerous references to the implementation are
+ provided for this purpose. The descriptions sometimes differ from
+ the reference in ordering or through mathematical simplification
+ wherever such deviation makes an explanation easier to understand.
+ For example, the right shift and left shift operations in the
+ reference implementation are often described using division and
+ multiplication in the text. In general, the text is focused on the
+ "what" and "why" while the symbolic representation most clearly
+ provides the "how".
+
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+1.1. Notation and Conventions
+
+ The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
+ "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
+ document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
+
+ Even when using floating-point, various operations in the codec
+ require bit-exact fixed-point behavior. The notation "Q<n>", where n
+ is an integer, denotes the number of binary digits to the right of
+ the decimal point in a fixed-point number. For example, a signed Q14
+ value in a 16-bit word can represent values from -2.0 to
+ 1.99993896484375, inclusive. This notation is for informational
+ purposes only. Arithmetic, when described, always operates on the
+ underlying integer. E.g., the text will explicitly indicate any
+ shifts required after a multiplication.
+
+ Expressions, where included in the text, follow C operator rules and
+ precedence, with the exception that syntax like "2**n" is used to
+ indicate 2 raised to the power n. The text also makes use of the
+ following functions:
+
+1.1.1. min(x,y)
+
+ The smallest of two values x and y.
+
+1.1.2. max(x,y)
+
+ The largest of two values x and y.
+
+1.1.3. clamp(lo,x,hi)
+
+ clamp(lo,x,hi) = max(lo,min(x,hi))
+
+ With this definition, if lo>hi, the lower bound is the one that is
+ enforced.
+
+1.1.4. sign(x)
+
+ The sign of x, i.e.,
+
+ ( -1, x < 0 ,
+ sign(x) = < 0, x == 0 ,
+ ( 1, x > 0 .
+
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+1.1.5. log2(f)
+
+ The base-two logarithm of f.
+
+1.1.6. ilog(n)
+
+ The minimum number of bits required to store a positive integer n in
+ two's complement notation, or 0 for a non-positive integer n.
+
+ ( 0, n <= 0,
+ ilog(n) = <
+ ( floor(log2(n))+1, n > 0
+
+ Examples:
+
+ o ilog(-1) = 0
+
+ o ilog(0) = 0
+
+ o ilog(1) = 1
+
+ o ilog(2) = 2
+
+ o ilog(3) = 2
+
+ o ilog(4) = 3
+
+ o ilog(7) = 3
+
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+2. Opus Codec Overview
+
+ The Opus codec scales from 6 kb/s narrowband mono speech to 510 kb/s
+ fullband stereo music, with algorithmic delays ranging from 5 ms to
+ 65.2 ms. At any given time, either the LP layer, the MDCT layer, or
+ both, may be active. It can seamlessly switch between all of its
+ various operating modes, giving it a great deal of flexibility to
+ adapt to varying content and network conditions without renegotiating
+ the current session. Internally, the codec always operates at a
+ 48 kHz sampling rate, though it allows input and output of various
+ bandwidths, defined as follows:
+
+ +----------------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
+ | Abbreviation | Audio Bandwidth | Sampling Rate |
+ | | | (Effective) |
+ +----------------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
+ | NB (narrowband) | 4 kHz | 8 kHz |
+ | | | |
+ | MB (medium-band) | 6 kHz | 12 kHz |
+ | | | |
+ | WB (wideband) | 8 kHz | 16 kHz |
+ | | | |
+ | SWB (super-wideband) | 12 kHz | 24 kHz |
+ | | | |
+ | FB (fullband) | 20 kHz | 48 kHz |
+ +----------------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
+
+ These can be chosen independently on the encoder and decoder side,
+ e.g., a fullband signal can be decoded as wideband, or vice versa.
+ This approach ensures a sender and receiver can always interoperate,
+ regardless of the capabilities of their actual audio hardware.
+
+ The LP layer is based on the SILK [1] codec [SILK]. It supports NB,
+ MB, or WB audio and frame sizes from 10 ms to 60 ms, and requires an
+ additional 5.2 ms look-ahead for noise shaping estimation (5 ms) and
+ internal resampling (0.2 ms). Like Vorbis and many other modern
+ codecs, SILK is inherently designed for variable-bitrate (VBR)
+ coding, though an encoder can with sufficient effort produce
+ constant-bitrate (CBR) or near-CBR streams.
+
+ The MDCT layer is based on the CELT [2] codec [CELT]. It supports
+ sampling NB, WB, SWB, or FB audio and frame sizes from 2.5 ms to
+ 20 ms, and requires an additional 2.5 ms look-ahead due to the
+ overlapping MDCT windows. The CELT codec is inherently designed for
+ CBR coding, but unlike many CBR codecs it is not limited to a set of
+ predetermined rates. It internally allocates bits to exactly fill
+ any given target budget, and an encoder can produce a VBR stream by
+ varying the target on a per-frame basis. The MDCT layer is not used
+
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+ for speech when the audio bandwidth is WB or less, as it is not
+ useful there. On the other hand, non-speech signals are not always
+ adequately coded using linear prediction, so for music only the MDCT
+ layer should be used.
+
+ A hybrid mode allows the use of both layers simultaneously with a
+ frame size of 10 or 20 ms and a SWB or FB audio bandwidth. Each
+ frame is split into a low frequency signal and a high frequency
+ signal, with a cutoff of 8 kHz. The LP layer then codes the low
+ frequency signal, followed by the MDCT layer coding the high
+ frequency signal. In the MDCT layer, all bands below 8 kHz are
+ discarded, so there is no coding redundancy between the two layers.
+
+ At the decoder, the two decoder outputs are simply added together.
+ To compensate for the different look-aheads required by each layer,
+ the CELT encoder input is delayed by an additional 2.7 ms. This
+ ensures that low frequencies and high frequencies arrive at the same
+ time. This extra delay MAY be reduced by an encoder by using less
+ lookahead for noise shaping or using a simpler resampler in the LP
+ layer, but this will reduce quality. However, the base 2.5 ms look-
+ ahead in the CELT layer cannot be reduced in the encoder because it
+ is needed for the MDCT overlap, whose size is fixed by the decoder.
+
+ Both layers use the same entropy coder, avoiding any waste from
+ "padding bits" between them. The hybrid approach makes it easy to
+ support both CBR and VBR coding. Although the LP layer is VBR, the
+ bit allocation of the MDCT layer can produce a final stream that is
+ CBR by using all the bits left unused by the LP layer.
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+3. Codec Modes
+
+ As described, the two layers can be combined in three possible
+ operating modes:
+
+ 1. A LP-only mode for use in low bitrate connections with an audio
+ bandwidth of WB or less,
+
+ 2. A hybrid (LP+MDCT) mode for SWB or FB speech at medium bitrates,
+ and
+
+ 3. An MDCT-only mode for very low delay speech transmission as well
+ as music transmission.
+
+ A single packet may contain multiple audio frames, however they must
+ share a common set of parameters, including the operating mode, audio
+ bandwidth, frame size, and channel count. This section describes the
+ possible combinations of these parameters and the internal framing
+ used to pack multiple frames into a single packet. This framing is
+ not self-delimiting. Instead, it assumes that a higher layer (such
+ as UDP or RTP or Ogg or Matroska) will communicate the length, in
+ bytes, of the packet, and it uses this information to reduce the
+ framing overhead in the packet itself. A decoder implementation MUST
+ support the framing described in this section. An alternative, self-
+ delimiting variant of the framing is described in Appendix C.
+ Support for that variant is OPTIONAL.
+
+3.1. The TOC Byte
+
+ An Opus packet begins with a single-byte table-of-contents (TOC)
+ header that signals which of the various modes and configurations a
+ given packet uses. It is composed of a frame count code, "c", a
+ stereo flag, "s", and a configuration number, "config", arranged as
+ illustrated in Figure 1. A description of each of these fields
+ follows.
+
+ 0
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | c |s| config |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 1: The TOC byte
+
+ The top five bits of the TOC byte, labeled "config", encode one of 32
+ possible configurations of operating mode, audio bandwidth, and frame
+ size. Table 1 lists the parameters for each configuration.
+
+
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+ +-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-------------------+
+ | Configuration | Mode | Bandwidth | Frame Size(s) |
+ | Number(s) | | | |
+ +-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-------------------+
+ | 0...3 | LP-only | NB | 10, 20, 40, 60 ms |
+ | | | | |
+ | 4...7 | LP-only | MB | 10, 20, 40, 60 ms |
+ | | | | |
+ | 8...11 | LP-only | WB | 10, 20, 40, 60 ms |
+ | | | | |
+ | 12...13 | Hybrid | SWB | 10, 20 ms |
+ | | | | |
+ | 14...15 | Hybrid | FB | 10, 20 ms |
+ | | | | |
+ | 16...19 | MDCT-only | NB | 2.5, 5, 10, 20 ms |
+ | | | | |
+ | 20...23 | MDCT-only | WB | 2.5, 5, 10, 20 ms |
+ | | | | |
+ | 24...27 | MDCT-only | SWB | 2.5, 5, 10, 20 ms |
+ | | | | |
+ | 28...31 | MDCT-only | FB | 2.5, 5, 10, 20 ms |
+ +-----------------------+-----------+-----------+-------------------+
+
+ Table 1: TOC Byte Configuration Parameters
+
+ One additional bit, labeled "s", is used to signal mono vs. stereo,
+ with 0 indicating mono and 1 indicating stereo.
+
+ The remaining two bits of the TOC byte, labeled "c", code the number
+ of frames per packet (codes 0 to 3) as follows:
+
+ o 0: 1 frame in the packet
+
+ o 1: 2 frames in the packet, each with equal compressed size
+
+ o 2: 2 frames in the packet, with different compressed sizes
+
+ o 3: an arbitrary number of frames in the packet
+
+ This draft refers to a packet as a code 0 packet, code 1 packet,
+ etc., based on the value of "c".
+
+ A well-formed Opus packet MUST contain at least one byte with the TOC
+ information, though the frame(s) within a packet MAY be zero bytes
+ long.
+
+
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+3.2. Frame Packing
+
+ This section describes how frames are packed according to each
+ possible value of "c" in the TOC byte.
+
+3.2.1. Frame Length Coding
+
+ When a packet contains multiple VBR frames, the compressed length of
+ one or more of these frames is indicated with a one or two byte
+ sequence, with the meaning of the first byte as follows:
+
+ o 0: No frame (DTX or lost packet)
+
+ o 1...251: Size of the frame in bytes
+
+ o 252...255: A second byte is needed. The total size is
+ (size[1]*4)+size[0]
+
+ The maximum representable size is 255*4+255=1275 bytes. This limit
+ MUST NOT be exceeded, even when no length field is used. For 20 ms
+ frames, this represents a bitrate of 510 kb/s, which is approximately
+ the highest useful rate for lossily compressed fullband stereo music.
+ Beyond this point, lossless codecs are more appropriate. It is also
+ roughly the maximum useful rate of the MDCT layer, as shortly
+ thereafter quality no longer improves with additional bits due to
+ limitations on the codebook sizes.
+
+ No length is transmitted for the last frame in a VBR packet, or any
+ of the frames in a CBR packet, as it can be inferred from the total
+ size of the packet and the size of all other data in the packet.
+ However, the length of any individual frame MUST NOT exceed
+ 1275 bytes, to allow for repacketization by gateways, conference
+ bridges, or other software.
+
+3.2.2. One Frame in the Packet (Code 0)
+
+ For code 0 packets, the TOC byte is immediately followed by N-1 bytes
+ of compressed data for a single frame (where N is the size of the
+ packet), as illustrated in Figure 2.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 11]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |0|0|s| config | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
+ | Compressed frame 1 (N-1 bytes)... :
+ : |
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 2: A Code 0 Packet
+
+3.2.3. Two Frames in the Packet, Each with Equal Compressed Size
+ (Code 1)
+
+ For code 1 packets, the TOC byte is immediately followed by the
+ (N-1)/2 bytes of compressed data for the first frame, followed by
+ (N-1)/2 bytes of compressed data for the second frame, as illustrated
+ in Figure 3. The number of payload bytes available for compressed
+ data, N-1, MUST be even for all code 1 packets.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |1|0|s| config | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ :
+ | Compressed frame 1 ((N-1)/2 bytes)... |
+ : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ :
+ | Compressed frame 2 ((N-1)/2 bytes)... |
+ : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 3: A Code 1 Packet
+
+3.2.4. Two Frames in the Packet, with Different Compressed Sizes
+ (Code 2)
+
+ For code 2 packets, the TOC byte is followed by a one or two byte
+ sequence indicating the length of the first frame (marked N1 in the
+ figure below), followed by N1 bytes of compressed data for the first
+ frame. The remaining N-N1-2 or N-N1-3 bytes are the compressed data
+ for the second frame. This is illustrated in Figure 4. The length
+ of the first frame, N1, MUST be no larger than the size of the
+ payload remaining after decoding that length for all code 2 packets.
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 12]
+
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+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |0|1|s| config | N1 (1-2 bytes): |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ :
+ | Compressed frame 1 (N1 bytes)... |
+ : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
+ | Compressed frame 2... :
+ : |
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 4: A Code 2 Packet
+
+3.2.5. An Arbitrary Number of Frames in the Packet (Code 3)
+
+ Code 3 packets may encode an arbitrary number of packets, as well as
+ additional padding, called "Opus padding" to indicate that this
+ padding is added at the Opus layer, rather than at the transport
+ layer. For code 3 packets, the TOC byte is followed by a byte
+ encoding the number of frames in the packet in bits 0 to 5 (marked
+ "M" in the figure below), with bit 6 indicating whether or not Opus
+ padding is inserted (marked "p" in the figure below), and bit 7
+ indicating VBR (marked "v" in the figure below). M MUST NOT be zero,
+ and the audio duration contained within a packet MUST NOT exceed
+ 120 ms. This limits the maximum frame count for any frame size to 48
+ (for 2.5 ms frames), with lower limits for longer frame sizes.
+ Figure 5 illustrates the layout of the frame count byte.
+
+ 0
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | M |p|v|
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 5: The frame count byte
+
+ When Opus padding is used, the number of bytes of padding is encoded
+ in the bytes following the frame count byte. Values from 0...254
+ indicate that 0...254 bytes of padding are included, in addition to
+ the byte(s) used to indicate the size of the padding. If the value
+ is 255, then the size of the additional padding is 254 bytes, plus
+ the padding value encoded in the next byte. The additional padding
+ bytes appear at the end of the packet, and SHOULD be set to zero by
+ the encoder, however the decoder MUST accept any value for the
+ padding bytes. By using code 255 multiple times, it is possible to
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 13]
+
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+
+
+ create a packet of any specific, desired size. Let P be the total
+ amount of padding, including both the trailing padding bytes
+ themselves and the header bytes used to indicate how many there are.
+ Then P MUST be no more than N-2 for CBR packets, or N-M-1 for VBR
+ packets.
+
+ In the CBR case, the compressed length of each frame in bytes is
+ equal to the number of remaining bytes in the packet after
+ subtracting the (optional) padding, (N-2-P), divided by M. This
+ number MUST be an integer multiple of M. The compressed data for all
+ M frames then follows, each of size (N-2-P)/M bytes, as illustrated
+ in Figure 6.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |1|1|s| config | M |p|0| Padding length (Optional) :
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame 1 ((N-2-P)/M bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame 2 ((N-2-P)/M bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : ... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame M ((N-2-P)/M bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ : Opus Padding (Optional)... |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 6: A CBR Code 3 Packet
+
+ In the VBR case, the (optional) padding length is followed by M-1
+ frame lengths (indicated by "N1" to "N[M-1]" in the figure below),
+ each encoded in a one or two byte sequence as described above. The
+ packet MUST contain enough data for the M-1 lengths after the
+ (optional) padding, and the sum of these lengths MUST be no larger
+ than the number of bytes remaining in the packet after decoding them.
+ The compressed data for all M frames follows, each frame consisting
+ of the indicated number of bytes, with the final frame consuming any
+ remaining bytes before the final padding, as illustrated in Figure 6.
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 14]
+
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+
+
+ The number of header bytes (TOC byte, frame count byte, padding
+ length bytes, and frame length bytes), plus the length of the first
+ M-1 frames themselves, plus the length of the padding MUST be no
+ larger than N, the total size of the packet.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |1|1|s| config | M |p|1| Padding length (Optional) :
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ : N1 (1-2 bytes): N2 (1-2 bytes): ... : N[M-1] |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame 1 (N1 bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame 2 (N2 bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : ... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame M... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ : Opus Padding (Optional)... |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 7: A VBR Code 3 Packet
+
+3.3. Examples
+
+ Simplest case, one NB mono 20 ms SILK frame:
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |0|0|0| 1 | compressed data... :
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Two FB mono 5 ms CELT frames of the same compressed size:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 15]
+
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+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |1|0|0| 29 | compressed data... :
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Two FB mono 20 ms hybrid frames of different compressed size:
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |1|1|0| 15 | 2 |0|1| N1 | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
+ | compressed data... :
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Four FB stereo 20 ms CELT frames of the same compressed size:
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |1|1|1| 31 | 4 |0|0| compressed data... :
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+3.4. Extending Opus
+
+ A receiver MUST NOT process packets which violate the rules above as
+ normal Opus packets. They are reserved for future applications, such
+ as in-band headers (containing metadata, etc.) or multichannel
+ support.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+4. Opus Decoder
+
+ The Opus decoder consists of two main blocks: the SILK decoder and
+ the CELT decoder. The output of the Opus decode is the sum of the
+ outputs from the SILK and CELT decoders with proper sample rate
+ conversion and delay compensation as illustrated in the block diagram
+ below. At any given time, one or both of the SILK and CELT decoders
+ may be active.
+
+
+ +-------+ +----------+
+ | SILK | | sample |
+ +->|decoder|--->| rate |----+
+ bit- +-------+ | | | |conversion| v
+ stream | Range |---+ +-------+ +----------+ /---\ audio
+ ------->|decoder| | + |------>
+ | |---+ +-------+ +----------+ \---/
+ +-------+ | | CELT | | Delay | ^
+ +->|decoder|----| compens- |----+
+ | | | ation |
+ +-------+ +----------+
+
+
+4.1. Range Decoder
+
+ Opus uses an entropy coder based on [range-coding], which is itself a
+ rediscovery of the FIFO arithmetic code introduced by
+ [coding-thesis]. It is very similar to arithmetic encoding, except
+ that encoding is done with digits in any base instead of with bits,
+ so it is faster when using larger bases (i.e., an octet). All of the
+ calculations in the range coder must use bit-exact integer
+ arithmetic.
+
+ Symbols may also be coded as "raw bits" packed directly into the
+ bitstream, bypassing the range coder. These are packed backwards
+ starting at the end of the frame, as illustrated in Figure 8. This
+ reduces complexity and makes the stream more resilient to bit errors,
+ as corruption in the raw bits will not desynchronize the decoding
+ process, unlike corruption in the input to the range decoder. Raw
+ bits are only used in the CELT layer.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 17]
+
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+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Range coder data (packed MSb to LSb) -> :
+ + +
+ : :
+ + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ : | <- Boundary occurs at an arbitrary bit position :
+ +-+-+-+ +
+ : <- Raw bits data (packed LSb to MSb) |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 8: Illustrative example of packing range coder and raw bits
+ data
+
+ Each symbol coded by the range coder is drawn from a finite alphabet
+ and coded in a separate "context", which describes the size of the
+ alphabet and the relative frequency of each symbol in that alphabet.
+ Opus only uses static contexts. They are not adapted to the
+ statistics of the data as it is coded.
+
+ Suppose there is a context with n symbols, identified with an index
+ that ranges from 0 to n-1. The parameters needed to encode or decode
+ a symbol in this context are represented by a three-tuple
+ (fl[k], fh[k], ft), with 0 <= fl[k] < fh[k] <= ft <= 65535. The
+ values of this tuple are derived from the probability model for the
+ symbol, represented by traditional "frequency counts" (although,
+ since Opus uses static contexts, these are not updated as symbols are
+ decoded). Let f[i] be the frequency of symbol i. Then the three-
+ tuple corresponding to symbol k is given by
+
+ k-1 n-1
+ __ __
+ fl[k] = \ f[i], fh[k] = fl[k] + f[k], ft[k] = \ f[i]
+ /_ /_
+ i=0 i=0
+
+ The range decoder extracts the symbols and integers encoded using the
+ range encoder in Section 5.1. The range decoder maintains an
+ internal state vector composed of the two-tuple (val,rng),
+ representing the difference between the high end of the current range
+ and the actual coded value, minus one, and the size of the current
+ range, respectively. Both val and rng are 32-bit unsigned integer
+ values. The decoder initializes rng to 128 and initializes val to
+ 127 minus the top 7 bits of the first input octet. The remaining bit
+ is saved for use in the renormalization procedure described in
+ Section 4.1.1.1, which the decoder invokes immediately after
+ initialization to read additional bits and establish the invariant
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ that rng > 2**23.
+
+4.1.1. Decoding Symbols
+
+ Decoding a symbol is a two-step process. The first step determines a
+ 16-bit unsigned value fs, which lies within the range of some symbol
+ in the current context. The second step updates the range decoder
+ state with the three-tuple (fl[k], fh[k], ft) corresponding to that
+ symbol.
+
+ The first step is implemented by ec_decode() (entdec.c), which
+ computes
+
+ fs = ft - min(val/(rng/ft)+1, ft) .
+
+ The divisions here are exact integer division.
+
+ The decoder then identifies the symbol in the current context
+ corresponding to fs; i.e., the value of k whose three-tuple
+ (fl[k], fh[k], ft) satisfies fl[k] <= fs < fh[k]. It uses this tuple
+ to update val according to
+
+ val = val - (rng/ft)*(ft-fh[k]) .
+
+ If fl[k] is greater than zero, then the decoder updates rng using
+
+ rng = (rng/ft)*(fh[k]-fl[k]) .
+
+ Otherwise, it updates rng using
+
+ rng = rng - (rng/ft)*(ft-fh[k]).
+
+ Using a special case for the first symbol, rather than the last
+ symbol, as is commonly done in other arithmetic coders, ensures that
+ all the truncation error from the finite precision arithmetic
+ accumulates in symbol 0. This makes the cost of coding a 0 slightly
+ smaller, on average, than its estimated probability indicates and
+ makes the cost of coding any other symbol slightly larger. When
+ contexts are designed so that 0 is the most probable symbol, which is
+ often the case, this strategy minimizes the inefficiency introduced
+ by the finite precision. It also makes some of the special-case
+ decoding routines in Section 4.1.2 particularly simple.
+
+ After the updates, implemented by ec_dec_update() (entdec.c), the
+ decoder normalizes the range using the procedure in the next section,
+ and returns the index k.
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+4.1.1.1. Renormalization
+
+ To normalize the range, the decoder repeats the following process,
+ implemented by ec_dec_normalize() (entdec.c), until rng > 2**23. If
+ rng is already greater than 2**23, the entire process is skipped.
+ First, it sets rng to (rng<<8). Then it reads the next octet of the
+ payload and combines it with the left-over bit buffered from the
+ previous octet to form the 8-bit value sym. It takes the left-over
+ bit as the high bit (bit 7) of sym, and the top 7 bits of the octet
+ it just read as the other 7 bits of sym. The remaining bit in the
+ octet just read is buffered for use in the next iteration. If no
+ more input octets remain, it uses zero bits instead. Then, it sets
+
+ val = ((val<<8) + (255-sym)) & 0x7FFFFFFF .
+
+ It is normal and expected that the range decoder will read several
+ bytes into the raw bits data (if any) at the end of the packet by the
+ time the frame is completely decoded, as illustrated in Figure 9.
+ This same data MUST also be returned as raw bits when requested. The
+ encoder is expected to terminate the stream in such a way that the
+ decoder will decode the intended values regardless of the data
+ contained in the raw bits. Section 5.1.4 describes a procedure for
+ doing this. If the range decoder consumes all of the bytes belonging
+ to the current frame, it MUST continue to use zero when any further
+ input bytes are required, even if there is additional data in the
+ current packet from padding or other frames.
+
+ n n+1 n+2 n+3
+ 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ : | <----------- Overlap region ------------> | :
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ ^ ^
+ | End of data buffered by the range coder |
+ ...-----------------------------------------------+
+ |
+ | End of data consumed by raw bits
+ +-------------------------------------------------------...
+
+ Figure 9: Illustrative example of raw bits overlapping range coder
+ data
+
+4.1.2. Alternate Decoding Methods
+
+ The reference implementation uses three additional decoding methods
+ that are exactly equivalent to the above, but make assumptions and
+ simplifications that allow for a more efficient implementation.
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+4.1.2.1. ec_decode_bin()
+
+ The first is ec_decode_bin() (entdec.c), defined using the parameter
+ ftb instead of ft. It is mathematically equivalent to calling
+ ec_decode() with ft = (1<<ftb), but avoids one of the divisions.
+
+4.1.2.2. ec_dec_bit_logp()
+
+ The next is ec_dec_bit_logp() (entdec.c), which decodes a single
+ binary symbol, replacing both the ec_decode() and ec_dec_update()
+ steps. The context is described by a single parameter, logp, which
+ is the absolute value of the base-2 logarithm of the probability of a
+ "1". It is mathematically equivalent to calling ec_decode() with
+ ft = (1<<logp), followed by ec_dec_update() with the 3-tuple
+ (fl[k] = 0, fh[k] = (1<<logp)-1, ft = (1<<logp)) if the returned
+ value of fs is less than (1<<logp)-1 (a "0" was decoded), and with
+ (fl[k] = (1<<logp)-1, fh[k] = ft = (1<<logp)) otherwise (a "1" was
+ decoded). The implementation requires no multiplications or
+ divisions.
+
+4.1.2.3. ec_dec_icdf()
+
+ The last is ec_dec_icdf() (entdec.c), which decodes a single symbol
+ with a table-based context of up to 8 bits, also replacing both the
+ ec_decode() and ec_dec_update() steps, as well as the search for the
+ decoded symbol in between. The context is described by two
+ parameters, an icdf ("inverse" cumulative distribution function)
+ table and ftb. As with ec_decode_bin(), (1<<ftb) is equivalent to
+ ft. idcf[k], on the other hand, stores (1<<ftb)-fh[k], which is equal
+ to (1<<ftb)-fl[k+1]. fl[0] is assumed to be 0, and the table is
+ terminated by a value of 0 (where fh[k] == ft).
+
+ The function is mathematically equivalent to calling ec_decode() with
+ ft = (1<<ftb), using the returned value fs to search the table for
+ the first entry where fs < (1<<ftb)-icdf[k], and calling
+ ec_dec_update() with fl[k] = (1<<ftb)-icdf[k-1] (or 0 if k == 0),
+ fh[k] = (1<<ftb)-idcf[k], and ft = (1<<ftb). Combining the search
+ with the update allows the division to be replaced by a series of
+ multiplications (which are usually much cheaper), and using an
+ inverse CDF allows the use of an ftb as large as 8 in an 8-bit table
+ without any special cases. This is the primary interface with the
+ range decoder in the SILK layer, though it is used in a few places in
+ the CELT layer as well.
+
+ Although icdf[k] is more convenient for the code, the frequency
+ counts, f[k], are a more natural representation of the probability
+ distribution function (PDF) for a given symbol. Therefore this draft
+ lists the latter, not the former, when describing the context in
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ which a symbol is coded as a list, e.g., {4, 4, 4, 4}/16 for a
+ uniform context with four possible values and ft=16. The value of ft
+ after the slash is always the sum of the entries in the PDF, but is
+ included for convenience. Contexts with identical probabilities,
+ f[k]/ft, but different values of ft (or equivalently, ftb) are not
+ the same, and cannot, in general, be used in place of one another.
+ An icdf table is also not capable of representing a PDF where the
+ first symbol has 0 probability. In such contexts, ec_dec_icdf() can
+ decode the symbol by using a table that drops the entries for any
+ initial zero-probability values and adding the constant offset of the
+ first value with a non-zero probability to its return value.
+
+4.1.3. Decoding Raw Bits
+
+ The raw bits used by the CELT layer are packed at the end of the
+ packet, with the least significant bit of the first value packed in
+ the least significant bit of the last byte, filling up to the most
+ significant bit in the last byte, continuing on to the least
+ significant bit of the penultimate byte, and so on. The reference
+ implementation reads them using ec_dec_bits() (entdec.c). Because
+ the range decoder must read several bytes ahead in the stream, as
+ described in Section 4.1.1.1, the input consumed by the raw bits MAY
+ overlap with the input consumed by the range coder, and a decoder
+ MUST allow this. The format should render it impossible to attempt
+ to read more raw bits than there are actual bits in the frame, though
+ a decoder MAY wish to check for this and report an error.
+
+4.1.4. Decoding Uniformly Distributed Integers
+
+ The ec_dec_uint() (entdec.c) function decodes one of ft equiprobable
+ values in the range 0 to ft-1, inclusive, each with a frequency of 1,
+ where ft may be as large as 2**32-1. Because ec_decode() is limited
+ to a total frequency of 2**16-1, this is split up into a range coded
+ symbol representing up to 8 of the high bits of the value, and, if
+ necessary, raw bits representing the remaining bits. The limit of 8
+ bits in the range coded symbol is a trade-off between implementation
+ complexity, modeling error (since the symbols no longer truly have
+ equal coding cost) and rounding error introduced by the range coder
+ itself (which gets larger as more bits are included). Using raw bits
+ reduces the maximum number of divisions required in the worst case,
+ but means that it may be possible to decode a value outside the range
+ 0 to ft-1, inclusive.
+
+ ec_dec_uint() takes a single, positive parameter, ft, which is not
+ necessarily a power of two, and returns an integer, t, whose value
+ lies between 0 and ft-1, inclusive. Let ftb = ilog(ft-1), i.e., the
+ number of bits required to store ft-1 in two's complement notation.
+ If ftb is 8 or less, then t is decoded with t = ec_decode(ft), and
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ the range coder state is updated using the three-tuple (t,t+1,ft).
+
+ If ftb is greater than 8, then the top 8 bits of t are decoded using
+ t = ec_decode((ft-1>>ftb-8)+1), the decoder state is updated using
+ the three-tuple (t,t+1,(ft-1>>ftb-8)+1), and the remaining bits are
+ decoded as raw bits, setting t = t<<ftb-8|ec_dec_bits(ftb-8). If, at
+ this point, t >= ft, then the current frame is corrupt. In that
+ case, the decoder should assume there has been an error in the
+ coding, decoding, or transmission and SHOULD take measures to conceal
+ the error and/or report to the application that a problem has
+ occurred.
+
+4.1.5. Current Bit Usage
+
+ The bit allocation routines in the CELT decoder need a conservative
+ upper bound on the number of bits that have been used from the
+ current frame thus far, including both range coder bits and raw bits.
+ This drives allocation decisions that must match those made in the
+ encoder. The upper bound is computed in the reference implementation
+ to whole-bit precision by the function ec_tell() (entcode.h) and to
+ fractional 1/8th bit precision by the function ec_tell_frac()
+ (entcode.c). Like all operations in the range coder, it must be
+ implemented in a bit-exact manner, and must produce exactly the same
+ value returned by the same functions in the encoder after encoding
+ the same symbols.
+
+ ec_tell() is guaranteed to return ceil(ec_tell_frac()/8.0). In
+ various places the codec will check to ensure there is enough room to
+ contain a symbol before attempting to decode it. In practice,
+ although the number of bits used so far is an upper bound, decoding a
+ symbol whose probability model suggests it has a worst-case cost of p
+ 1/8th bits may actually advance the return value of ec_tell_frac() by
+ p-1, p, or p+1 1/8th bits, due to approximation error in that upper
+ bound, truncation error in the range coder, and for large values of
+ ft, modeling error in ec_dec_uint().
+
+ However, this error is bounded, and periodic calls to ec_tell() or
+ ec_tell_frac() at precisely defined points in the decoding process
+ prevent it from accumulating. For a symbol that requires a whole
+ number of bits (i.e., ft/(fh[k]-fl[k]) is a power of two, including
+ values of ft larger than 2**8 with ec_dec_uint()), and there are at
+ least p 1/8th bits available, decoding the symbol will never advance
+ the decoder past the end of the frame, i.e., will never "bust" the
+ budget. Frames contain a whole number of bits, and the return value
+ of ec_tell_frac() will only advance by more than p 1/8th bits in this
+ case if there was a fractional number of bits remaining, and by no
+ more than the fractional part. However, when p is not a whole number
+ of bits, an extra 1/8th bit is required to ensure decoding the symbol
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ will not bust.
+
+ The reference implementation keeps track of the total number of whole
+ bits that have been processed by the decoder so far in a variable
+ nbits_total, including the (possibly fractional number of bits) that
+ are currently buffered (but not consumed) inside the range coder.
+ nbits_total is initialized to 33 just after the initial range
+ renormalization process completes (or equivalently, it can be
+ initialized to 9 before the first renormalization). The extra two
+ bits over the actual amount buffered by the range coder guarantees
+ that it is an upper bound and that there is enough room for the
+ encoder to terminate the stream. Each iteration through the range
+ coder's renormalization loop increases nbits_total by 8. Reading raw
+ bits increases nbits_total by the number of raw bits read.
+
+4.1.5.1. ec_tell()
+
+ The whole number of bits buffered in rng may be estimated via l =
+ ilog(rng). ec_tell() then becomes a simple matter of removing these
+ bits from the total. It returns (nbits_total - l).
+
+ In a newly initialized decoder, before any symbols have been read,
+ this reports that 1 bit has been used. This is the bit reserved for
+ termination of the encoder.
+
+4.1.5.2. ec_tell_frac()
+
+ ec_tell_frac() estimates the number of bits buffered in rng to
+ fractional precision. Since rng must be greater than 2**23 after
+ renormalization, l must be at least 24. Let r = rng>>(l-16), so that
+ 32768 <= r < 65536, an unsigned Q15 value representing the fractional
+ part of rng. Then the following procedure can be used to add one bit
+ of precision to l. First, update r = r*r>>15. Then add the 16th bit
+ of r to l via l = 2*l + (r>>16). Finally, if this bit was a 1,
+ reduce r by a factor of two via r = r>>1, so that it once again lies
+ in the range 32768 <= r < 65536.
+
+ This procedure is repeated three times to extend l to 1/8th bit
+ precision. ec_tell_frac() then returns (nbits_total*8 - l).
+
+4.2. SILK Decoder
+
+ The decoder's LP layer uses a modified version of the SILK codec
+ (herein simply called "SILK"), which runs a decoded excitation signal
+ through adaptive long-term and short-term prediction synthesis
+ filters. It runs in NB, MB, and WB modes internally. When used in a
+ hybrid frame in SWB or FB mode, the LP layer itself still only runs
+ in WB mode.
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ Internally, the LP layer of a single Opus frame is composed of either
+ a single 10 ms SILK frame or between one and three 20 ms SILK frames.
+ Each SILK frame is in turn composed of either two or four 5 ms
+ subframes. Optional Low Bit-Rate Redundancy (LBRR) frames, which are
+ reduced-bitrate encodings of previous SILK frames, may appear to aid
+ in recovery from packet loss. If present, these appear before the
+ regular SILK frames. They are in most respects identical to regular
+ active SILK frames, except that they are usually encoded with a lower
+ bitrate, and from here on this draft will use "SILK frame" to refer
+ to either one and "regular SILK frame" if it needs to draw a
+ distinction between the two.
+
+ All of these frames and subframes are decoded from the same range
+ coder, with no padding between them. Thus packing multiple SILK
+ frames in a single Opus frame saves, on average, half a byte per SILK
+ frame. It also allows some parameters to be predicted from prior
+ SILK frames in the same Opus frame, since this does not degrade
+ packet loss robustness (beyond any penalty for merely using fewer,
+ larger packets to store multiple frames).
+
+ Stereo support in SILK uses a variant of mid-side coding, allowing a
+ mono decoder to simply decode the mid channel. However, the data for
+ the two channels is interleaved, so a mono decoder must still unpack
+ the data for the side channel. It would be required to do so anyway
+ for hybrid Opus frames, or to support decoding individual 20 ms
+ frames.
+
+ +----------------------+-----------------+---------------+
+ | Symbol(s) | PDF | Condition |
+ +----------------------+-----------------+---------------+
+ | VAD flags | {1, 1}/2 | |
+ | | | |
+ | LBRR flag | {1, 1}/2 | |
+ | | | |
+ | Per-frame LBRR flags | Section 4.2.3 | Section 4.2.3 |
+ | | | |
+ | Frame Type | Section 4.2.4.1 | |
+ | | | |
+ | Gain index | Section 4.2.4.2 | |
+ +----------------------+-----------------+---------------+
+
+ Order of the symbols in the SILK section of the bit-stream.
+
+ Table 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+4.2.1. Decoder Modules
+
+ An overview of the decoder is given in Figure 10.
+
+
+
+ +---------+ +------------+
+ -->| Range |--->| Decode |---------------------------+
+ 1 | Decoder | 2 | Parameters |----------+ 5 |
+ +---------+ +------------+ 4 | |
+ 3 | | |
+ \/ \/ \/
+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
+ | Generate |-->| LTP |-->| LPC |-->
+ | Excitation | | Synthesis | | Synthesis | 6
+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
+
+ 1: Range encoded bitstream
+ 2: Coded parameters
+ 3: Pulses and gains
+ 4: Pitch lags and LTP coefficients
+ 5: LPC coefficients
+ 6: Decoded signal
+
+
+ Decoder block diagram.
+
+ Figure 10
+
+4.2.1.1. Range Decoder
+
+ The range decoder decodes the encoded parameters from the received
+ bitstream. Output from this function includes the pulses and gains
+ for the excitation signal generation, as well as LTP and LSF codebook
+ indices, which are needed for decoding LTP and LPC coefficients
+ needed for LTP and LPC synthesis filtering the excitation signal,
+ respectively.
+
+4.2.1.2. Decode Parameters
+
+ Pulses and gains are decoded from the parameters that were decoded by
+ the range decoder.
+
+ When a voiced frame is decoded and LTP codebook selection and indices
+ are received, LTP coefficients are decoded using the selected
+ codebook by choosing the vector that corresponds to the given
+ codebook index in that codebook. This is done for each of the four
+ subframes. The LPC coefficients are decoded from the LSF codebook by
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ first adding the chosen LSF vector and the decoded LSF residual
+ signal. The resulting LSF vector is stabilized using the same method
+ that was used in the encoder, see Section 5.2.7.5. The LSF
+ coefficients are then converted to LPC coefficients, and passed on to
+ the LPC synthesis filter.
+
+4.2.1.3. Generate Excitation
+
+ The pulses signal is multiplied with the quantization gain to create
+ the excitation signal.
+
+4.2.1.4. LTP Synthesis
+
+ For voiced speech, the excitation signal e(n) is input to an LTP
+ synthesis filter that will recreate the long term correlation that
+ was removed in the LTP analysis filter and generate an LPC excitation
+ signal e_LPC(n), according to
+
+
+ d
+ __
+ e_LPC(n) = e(n) + \ e_LPC(n - L - i) * b_i,
+ /_
+ i=-d
+
+
+ using the pitch lag L, and the decoded LTP coefficients b_i. The
+ number of LTP coefficients is 5, and thus d = 2. For unvoiced
+ speech, the output signal is simply a copy of the excitation signal,
+ i.e., e_LPC(n) = e(n).
+
+4.2.1.5. LPC Synthesis
+
+ In a similar manner, the short-term correlation that was removed in
+ the LPC analysis filter is recreated in the LPC synthesis filter.
+ The LPC excitation signal e_LPC(n) is filtered using the LTP
+ coefficients a_i, according to
+
+
+ d_LPC
+ __
+ y(n) = e_LPC(n) + \ y(n - i) * a_i,
+ /_
+ i=1
+
+
+ where d_LPC is the LPC synthesis filter order, and y(n) is the
+ decoded output signal.
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+4.2.2. Header Bits
+
+ The LP layer begins with two to eight header bits, decoded in
+ silk_Decode() (silk_dec_API.c). These consist of one Voice Activity
+ Detection (VAD) bit per frame (up to 3), followed by a single flag
+ indicating the presence of LBRR frames. For a stereo packet, these
+ flags correspond to the mid channel, and a second set of flags is
+ included for the side channel.
+
+ Because these are the first symbols decoded by the range coder, they
+ can be extracted directly from the upper bits of the first byte of
+ compressed data. Thus, a receiver can determine if an Opus frame
+ contains any active SILK frames without the overhead of using the
+ range decoder.
+
+4.2.3. LBRR Flags
+
+ For Opus frames longer than 20 ms, a set of per-frame LBRR flags is
+ decoded for each channel that has its LBRR flag set. For 40 ms Opus
+ frames the 2-frame LBRR flag PDF from Table 3 is used, and for 60 ms
+ Opus frames the 3-frame LBRR flag PDF is used. For each channel, the
+ resulting 2- or 3-bit integer contains the corresponding LBRR flag
+ for each frame, packed in order from the LSb to the MSb.
+
+ +------------+-------------------------------------+
+ | Frame Size | PDF |
+ +------------+-------------------------------------+
+ | 40 ms | {0, 53, 53, 150}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 60 ms | {0, 41, 20, 29, 41, 15, 28, 82}/256 |
+ +------------+-------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 3: LBRR Flag PDFs
+
+ LBRR frames do not include their own separate VAD flags. An LBRR
+ frame is only meant to be transmitted for active speech, thus all
+ LBRR frames are treated as active.
+
+4.2.4. SILK Frame Contents
+
+ Each SILK frame includes a set of side information that encodes the
+ frame type, quantization type and gains, short-term prediction filter
+ coefficients, LSF interpolation weight, long-term prediction filter
+ lags and gains, and a linear congruential generator (LCG) seed. The
+ quantized excitation signal follows these at the end of the frame.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 28]
+
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+
+
+4.2.4.1. Frame Type
+
+ Each SILK frame begins with a single "frame type" symbol that jointly
+ codes the signal type and quantization offset type of the
+ corresponding frame. If the current frame is a regular SILK frame
+ whose VAD bit was not set (an "inactive" frame), then the frame type
+ symbol takes on the value either 0 or 1 and is decoded using the
+ first PDF in Table 4. If the frame is an LBRR frame or a regular
+ SILK frame whose VAD flag was set (an "active" frame), then the
+ symbol ranges from 2 to 5, inclusive, and is decoded using the second
+ PDF in Table 4. Table 5 translates between the value of the frame
+ type symbol and the corresponding signal type and quantization offset
+ type.
+
+ +----------+-----------------------------+
+ | VAD Flag | PDF |
+ +----------+-----------------------------+
+ | Inactive | {26, 230, 0, 0, 0, 0}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | Active | {0, 0, 24, 74, 148, 10}/256 |
+ +----------+-----------------------------+
+
+ Table 4: Frame Type PDFs
+
+ +------------+-------------+--------------------------+
+ | Frame Type | Signal Type | Quantization Offset Type |
+ +------------+-------------+--------------------------+
+ | 0 | Inactive | 0 |
+ | | | |
+ | 1 | Inactive | 1 |
+ | | | |
+ | 2 | Unvoiced | 0 |
+ | | | |
+ | 3 | Unvoiced | 1 |
+ | | | |
+ | 4 | Voiced | 0 |
+ | | | |
+ | 5 | Voiced | 1 |
+ +------------+-------------+--------------------------+
+
+ Table 5: Signal Type and Quantization Offset Type from Frame Type
+
+4.2.4.2. Sub-Frame Gains
+
+ A separate quantization gain is coded for each 5 ms subframe. These
+ gains control the step size between quantization levels of the
+ excitation signal and, therefore, the quality of the reconstruction.
+ They are independent of the pitch gains coded for voiced frames. The
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ quantization gains are themselves uniformly quantized to 6 bits on a
+ log scale, giving them a resolution of approximately 1.369 dB and a
+ range of approximately 1.94 dB to 88.21 dB.
+
+ For the first LBRR frame, an LBRR frame where the previous LBRR frame
+ was not coded, or the first regular SILK frame in an Opus frame, the
+ first subframe uses an independent coding method. The 3 most
+ significant bits of the quantization gain are decoded using a PDF
+ selected from Table 6 based on the decoded signal type.
+
+ +-------------+------------------------------------+
+ | Signal Type | PDF |
+ +-------------+------------------------------------+
+ | Inactive | {32, 112, 68, 29, 12, 1, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | Unvoiced | {2, 17, 45, 60, 62, 47, 19, 4}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | Voiced | {1, 3, 26, 71, 94, 50, 9, 2}/256 |
+ +-------------+------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 6: PDFs for Independent Quantization Gain MSb Coding
+
+ The 3 least significant bits are decoded using a uniform PDF:
+
+ +--------------------------------------+
+ | PDF |
+ +--------------------------------------+
+ | {32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32}/256 |
+ +--------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 7: PDF for Independent Quantization Gain LSb Coding
+
+ For all other subframes (including the first subframe of frames not
+ listed as using independent coding above), the quantization gain is
+ coded relative to the gain from the previous subframe. The PDF in
+ Table 8 yields a delta gain index between 0 and 40, inclusive.
+
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | PDF |
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | {6, 5, 11, 31, 132, 21, 8, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, |
+ | 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, |
+ | 1}/256 |
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 8: PDF for Delta Quantization Gain Coding
+
+ The following formula translates this index into a quantization gain
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ for the current subframe using the gain from the previous subframe:
+
+ log_gain = min(max(2*gain_index - 16,
+ previous_log_gain + gain_index - 4), 63)
+
+ silk_gains_dequant() (silk_gain_quant.c) dequantizes the gain for the
+ k'th subframe and converts it into a linear Q16 scale factor via
+
+ gain_Q16[k] = silk_log2lin((0x1D1C71*log_gain>>16) + 2090)
+
+ The function silk_log2lin() (silk_log2lin.c) computes an
+ approximation of of 2**(inLog_Q7/128.0), where inLog_Q7 is its Q7
+ input. Let i = inLog_Q7>>7 be the integer part of inLogQ7 and f =
+ inLog_Q7&127 be the fractional part. Then, if i < 16, then
+
+ (1<<i) + (((-174*f*(128-f)>>16)+f)>>7)*(1<<i)
+
+ yields the approximate exponential. Otherwise, silk_log2lin uses
+
+ (1<<i) + ((-174*f*(128-f)>>16)+f)*((1<<i)>>7) .
+
+4.2.4.3. Normalized Line Spectral Frequencies
+
+ Normalized Line Spectral Frequencies (LSFs) follow the quantization
+ gains in the bitstream, and represent the Linear Prediction
+ Coefficients (LPCs) for the current SILK frame. Once decoded, they
+ form an increasing list of Q15 values between 0 and 1. These
+ represent the interleaved zeros on the unit circle between 0 and pi
+ (hence "normalized") in the standard decomposition of the LPC filter
+ into a symmetric part and an anti-symmetric part (P and Q in
+ Section 4.2.4.3.3). Because of non-linear effects in the decoding
+ process, an implementation SHOULD match the fixed-point arithmetic
+ described in this section exactly. An encoder SHOULD also use the
+ same process.
+
+ The normalized LSFs are coded using a two-stage vector quantizer
+ (VQ). NB and MB frames use an order-10 predictor, while WB frames
+ use an order-16 predictor, and thus have different sets of tables.
+ The first VQ stage uses a 32-element codebook, coded with one of the
+ PDFs in Table 9, depending on the audio bandwidth and the signal type
+ of the current SILK frame. This yields a single index, I1, for the
+ entire frame. This indexes an element in a coarse codebook, selects
+ the PDFs for the second stage of the VQ, and selects the prediction
+ weights used to remove intra-frame redundancy from the second stage.
+ The actual codebook elements are listed in Table 18 and Table 19, but
+ they are not needed until the last stages of reconstructing the LSF
+ coefficients.
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ +-----------+----------+--------------------------------------------+
+ | Audio | Signal | PDF |
+ | Bandwidth | Type | |
+ +-----------+----------+--------------------------------------------+
+ | NB or MB | Inactive | {44, 34, 30, 19, 21, 12, 11, 3, 3, 2, 16, |
+ | | or | 2, 2, 1, 5, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, |
+ | | unvoiced | 1, 9, 9, 2, 7, 2, 1}/256 |
+ | | | |
+ | NB or MB | Voiced | {1, 10, 1, 8, 3, 8, 8, 14, 13, 14, 1, 14, |
+ | | | 12, 13, 11, 11, 12, 11, 10, 10, 11, 8, 9, |
+ | | | 8, 7, 8, 1, 1, 6, 1, 6, 5}/256 |
+ | | | |
+ | WB | Inactive | {31, 21, 3, 17, 1, 8, 17, 4, 1, 18, 16, 4, |
+ | | or | 2, 3, 1, 10, 1, 3, 16, 11, 16, 2, 2, 3, 2, |
+ | | unvoiced | 11, 1, 4, 9, 8, 7, 3}/256 |
+ | | | |
+ | WB | Voiced | {1, 4, 16, 5, 18, 11, 5, 14, 15, 1, 3, 12, |
+ | | | 13, 14, 14, 6, 14, 12, 2, 6, 1, 12, 12, |
+ | | | 11, 10, 3, 10, 5, 1, 1, 1, 3}/256 |
+ +-----------+----------+--------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 9: PDFs for Normalized LSF Index Stage-1 Decoding
+
+ A total of 16 PDFs are available for the LSF residual in the second
+ stage: the 8 (a...h) for NB and MB frames given in Table 10, and the
+ 8 (i...p) for WB frames given in Table 11. Which PDF is used for
+ which coefficient is driven by the index, I1, decoded in the first
+ stage. Table 12 lists the letter of the corresponding PDF for each
+ normalized LSF coefficient for NB and MB, and Table 13 lists the same
+ information for WB.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ +----------+--------------------------------------+
+ | Codebook | PDF |
+ +----------+--------------------------------------+
+ | a | {1, 1, 1, 15, 224, 11, 1, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | b | {1, 1, 2, 34, 183, 32, 1, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | c | {1, 1, 4, 42, 149, 55, 2, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | d | {1, 1, 8, 52, 123, 61, 8, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | e | {1, 3, 16, 53, 101, 74, 6, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | f | {1, 3, 17, 55, 90, 73, 15, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | g | {1, 7, 24, 53, 74, 67, 26, 3, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | h | {1, 1, 18, 63, 78, 58, 30, 6, 1}/256 |
+ +----------+--------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 10: PDFs for NB/MB Normalized LSF Index Stage-2 Decoding
+
+ +----------+---------------------------------------+
+ | Codebook | PDF |
+ +----------+---------------------------------------+
+ | i | {1, 1, 1, 9, 232, 9, 1, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | j | {1, 1, 2, 28, 186, 35, 1, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | k | {1, 1, 3, 42, 152, 53, 2, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | l | {1, 1, 10, 49, 126, 65, 2, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | m | {1, 4, 19, 48, 100, 77, 5, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | n | {1, 1, 14, 54, 100, 72, 12, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | o | {1, 1, 15, 61, 87, 61, 25, 4, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | p | {1, 7, 21, 50, 77, 81, 17, 1, 1}/256 |
+ +----------+---------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 11: PDFs for WB Normalized LSF Index Stage-2 Decoding
+
+ +----+---------------------+
+ | I1 | Coefficient |
+ +----+---------------------+
+ | | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ | 0 | a a a a a a a a a a |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | b d b c c b c b b b |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | c b b b b b b b b b |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | b c c c c b c b b b |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | c d d d d c c c c c |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | a f d d c c c c b b |
+ | | |
+ | g | a c c c c c c c c b |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | c d g e e e f e f f |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | c e f f e f e g e e |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | c e e h e f e f f e |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | e d d d c d c c c c |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | b f f g e f e f f f |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | c h e g f f f f f f |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | c h f f f f f g f e |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | d d f e e f e f e e |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | c d d f f e e e e e |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | c e e g e f e f f f |
+ | | |
+ | 17 | c f e g f f f e f e |
+ | | |
+ | 18 | c h e f e f e f f f |
+ | | |
+ | 19 | c f e g h g f g f e |
+ | | |
+ | 20 | d g h e g f f g e f |
+ | | |
+ | 21 | c h g e e e f e f f |
+ | | |
+ | 22 | e f f e g g f g f e |
+ | | |
+ | 23 | c f f g f g e g e e |
+ | | |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 34]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 24 | e f f f d h e f f e |
+ | | |
+ | 25 | c d e f f g e f f e |
+ | | |
+ | 26 | c d c d d e c d d d |
+ | | |
+ | 27 | b b c c c c c d c c |
+ | | |
+ | 28 | e f f g g g f g e f |
+ | | |
+ | 29 | d f f e e e e d d c |
+ | | |
+ | 30 | c f d h f f e e f e |
+ | | |
+ | 31 | e e f e f g f g f e |
+ +----+---------------------+
+
+ Table 12: Codebook Selection for NB/MB Normalized LSF Index Stage 2
+ Decoding
+
+ +----+------------------------------------------------+
+ | I1 | Coefficient |
+ +----+------------------------------------------------+
+ | | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 |
+ | | |
+ | 0 | i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | k l l l l l k k k k k j j j i l |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | k n n l p m m n k n m n n m l l |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | i k j k k j j j j j i i i i i j |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | i o n m o m p n m m m n n m m l |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | i l n n m l l n l l l l l l k m |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | i k o l p k n l m n n m l l k l |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | i o k o o m n m o n m m n l l l |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | k j i i i i i i i i i i i i i i |
+ | | |
+ | j0 | i j i i i i i i i i i i i i i j |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | k k l m n l l l l l l l k k j l |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 35]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 12 | k k l l m l l l l l l l l k j l |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | l m m m o m m n l n m m n m l m |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | i o m n m p n k o n p m m l n l |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | i j i j j j j j j j i i i i j i |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | j o n p n m n l m n m m m l l m |
+ | | |
+ | 17 | j l l m m l l n k l l n n n l m |
+ | | |
+ | 18 | k l l k k k l k j k j k j j j m |
+ | | |
+ | 19 | i k l n l l k k k j j i i i i i |
+ | | |
+ | 20 | l m l n l l k k j j j j j k k m |
+ | | |
+ | 21 | k o l p p m n m n l n l l k l l |
+ | | |
+ | 22 | k l n o o l n l m m l l l l k m |
+ | | |
+ | 23 | j l l m m m m l n n n l j j j j |
+ | | |
+ | 24 | k n l o o m p m m n l m m l l l |
+ | | |
+ | 25 | i o j j i i i i i i i i i i i i |
+ | | |
+ | 26 | i o o l n k n n l m m p p m m m |
+ | | |
+ | 27 | l l p l n m l l l k k l l l k l |
+ | | |
+ | 28 | i i j i i i k j k j j k k k j j |
+ | | |
+ | 29 | i l k n l l k l k j i i j i i j |
+ | | |
+ | 30 | l n n m p n l l k l k k j i j i |
+ | | |
+ | 31 | k l n l m l l l k j k o m i i i |
+ +----+------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 13: Codebook Selection for WB Normalized LSF Index Stage 2
+ Decoding
+
+ Decoding the second stage residual proceeds as follows. For each
+ coefficient, the decoder reads a symbol using the PDF corresponding
+ to I1 from either Table 12 or Table 13, and subtracts 4 from the
+ result to given an index in the range -4 to 4, inclusive. If the
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 36]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ index is either -4 or 4, it reads a second symbol using the PDF in
+ Table 14, and adds the value of this second symbol to the index,
+ using the same sign. This gives the index, I2[k], a total range of
+ -10 to 10, inclusive.
+
+ +-------------------------------+
+ | PDF |
+ +-------------------------------+
+ | {156, 60, 24, 9, 4, 2, 1}/256 |
+ +-------------------------------+
+
+ Table 14: PDF for Normalized LSF Index Extension Decoding
+
+ The decoded indices from both stages are translated back into
+ normalized LSF coefficients in silk_NLSF_decode()
+ (silk_NLSF_decode.c). The stage-2 indices represent residuals after
+ both the first stage of the VQ and a separate backwards-prediction
+ step. The backwards prediction process in the encoder subtracts a
+ prediction from each residual formed by a multiple of the coefficient
+ that follows it. The decoder must undo this process. Table 15
+ contains lists of prediction weights for each coefficient. There are
+ two lists for NB and MB, and another two lists for WB, giving two
+ possible prediction weights for each coefficient.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 37]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ | Coefficient | A | B | C | D |
+ +-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ | 0 | 179 | 116 | 175 | 68 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 1 | 138 | 67 | 148 | 62 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 2 | 140 | 82 | 160 | 66 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 3 | 148 | 59 | 176 | 60 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 4 | 151 | 92 | 178 | 72 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 5 | 149 | 72 | 173 | 117 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 6 | 153 | 100 | 174 | 85 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 7 | 151 | 89 | 164 | 90 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 8 | 163 | 92 | 177 | 118 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 9 | | | 174 | 136 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 10 | | | 196 | 151 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 11 | | | 182 | 142 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 12 | | | 198 | 160 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 13 | | | 192 | 142 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 14 | | | 182 | 155 |
+ +-------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+
+ Table 15: Prediction Weights for Normalized LSF Decoding
+
+ The prediction is undone using the procedure implemented in
+ silk_NLSF_residual_dequant() (silk_NLSF_decode.c), which is as
+ follows. Each coefficient selects its prediction weight from one of
+ the two lists based on the stage-1 index, I1. Table 16 gives the
+ selections for each coefficient for NB and MB, and Table 17 gives the
+ selections for WB. Let d_LPC be the order of the codebook, i.e., 10
+ for NB and MB, and 16 for WB, and let pred_Q8[k] be the weight for
+ the k'th coefficient selected by this process for 0 <= k < d_LPC-1.
+ Then, the stage-2 residual for each coefficient is computed via
+
+ res_Q10[k] = (k+1 < d_LPC ? (res_Q10[k+1]*pred_Q8[k])>>8 : 0)
+ + ((((I2[k]<<10) + sign(I2[k])*102)*qstep)>>16) ,
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 38]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ where qstep is the Q16 quantization step size, which is 11796 for NB
+ and MB and 9830 for WB (representing step sizes of approximately 0.18
+ and 0.15, respectively).
+
+ +----+-------------------+
+ | I1 | Coefficient |
+ +----+-------------------+
+ | | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
+ | | |
+ | 0 | A B A A A A A A A |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | B A A A A A A A A |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | A A A A A A A A A |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | B B B A A A A B A |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | A B A A A A A A A |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | A B A A A A A A A |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | B A B B A A A B A |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | A B B A A B B A A |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | A A B B A B A B B |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | A A B B A A B B B |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | A A A A A A A A A |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | A B A B B B B B A |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | A B A B B B B B A |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | A B B B B B B B A |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | B A B B A B B B B |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | A B B B B B A B A |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | A A B B A B A B A |
+ | | |
+ | 17 | A A B B B A B B B |
+ | | |
+ | 18 | A B B A A B B B A |
+ | | |
+ | 19 | A A A B B B A B A |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 39]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 20 | A B B A A B A B A |
+ | | |
+ | 21 | A B B A A A B B A |
+ | | |
+ | 22 | A A A A A B B B B |
+ | | |
+ | 23 | A A B B A A A B B |
+ | | |
+ | 24 | A A A B A B B B B |
+ | | |
+ | 25 | A B B B B B B B A |
+ | | |
+ | 26 | A A A A A A A A A |
+ | | |
+ | 27 | A A A A A A A A A |
+ | | |
+ | 28 | A A B A B B A B A |
+ | | |
+ | 29 | A A A B A A A A A |
+ | | |
+ | 30 | A A A B B A B A B |
+ | | |
+ | 31 | B A B B A B B B B |
+ +----+-------------------+
+
+ Table 16: Prediction Weight Selection for NB/MB Normalized LSF
+ Decoding
+
+ +----+---------------------------------------------+
+ | I1 | Coefficient |
+ +----+---------------------------------------------+
+ | | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 |
+ | | |
+ | 0 | C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | C C D C C D D D C D D D D C C |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | C C C C C C C C C C C C D C C |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | C D D C D C D D C D D D D D C |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | C D C C C C C C C C C C C C C |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | D C C C C C C C C C C D C D C |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | C D D C C C D C D D D C D C D |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 40]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 8 | C D C D D C D C D C D D D D D |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | C D C C C C C C C C C C C C C |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | C C D C D D D D D D D C D C C |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | C C D C C D C D C D C C D C C |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | C C C C D D C D C D D D D C C |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | C D C C C D D C D D D C D D D |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | C C D D C C C C C C C C D D C |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | C D D C D C D D D D D C D C C |
+ | | |
+ | 17 | C C D C C C C D C C D D D C C |
+ | | |
+ | 18 | C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D |
+ | | |
+ | 19 | C C C C C C C C C C C C D C C |
+ | | |
+ | 20 | C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C |
+ | | |
+ | 21 | C D C D C D D C D C D C D D C |
+ | | |
+ | 22 | C C D D D D C D D C C D D C C |
+ | | |
+ | 23 | C D D C D C D C D C C C C D C |
+ | | |
+ | 24 | C C C D D C D C D D D D D D D |
+ | | |
+ | 25 | C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D |
+ | | |
+ | 26 | C D D C C C D D C C D D D D D |
+ | | |
+ | 27 | C C C C C D C D D D D C D D D |
+ | | |
+ | 28 | C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D |
+ | | |
+ | 29 | C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D |
+ | | |
+ | 30 | D C C C C C C C C C C D C C C |
+ | | |
+ | 31 | C C D C C D D D C C D C C D C |
+ +----+---------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 41]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ Table 17: Prediction Weight Selection for WB Normalized LSF Decoding
+
+ The spectral distortion introduced by the quantization of each LSF
+ coefficient varies, so the stage-2 residual is weighted accordingly,
+ using the low-complexity weighting function proposed in
+ [laroia-icassp]. The weights are derived directly from the stage-1
+ codebook vector. Let cb1_Q8[k] be the k'th entry of the stage-1
+ codebook vector from Table 18 or Table 19. Then for 0 <= k < d_LPC
+ the following expression computes the square of the weight as a Q18
+ value:
+
+
+ w2_Q18[k] = (1024/(cb1_Q8[k] - cb1_Q8[k-1])
+ + 1024/(cb1_Q8[k+1] - cb1_Q8[k])) << 16 ,
+
+
+ where cb1_Q8[-1] = 0 and cb1_Q8[d_LPC] = 256, and the division is
+ exact integer division. This is reduced to an unsquared, Q9 value
+ using the following square-root approximation:
+
+ i = ilog(w2_Q18[k])
+ f = (w2_Q18[k]>>(i-8)) & 127
+ y = ((i&1) ? 32768 : 46214) >> ((32-i)>>1)
+ w_Q9[k] = y + ((213*f*y)>>16)
+
+ The cb1_Q8[] vector completely determines these weights, and they may
+ be tabulated and stored as 13-bit unsigned values (with a range of
+ 1819 to 5227) to avoid computing them when decoding. The reference
+ implementation computes them on the fly in
+ silk_NLSF_VQ_weights_laroia() (silk_NLSF_VQ_weights_laroia.c) and its
+ caller, to reduce the amount of ROM required.
+
+ +----+----------------------------------------+
+ | I1 | Codebook |
+ +----+----------------------------------------+
+ | | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
+ | | |
+ | 0 | 12 35 60 83 108 132 157 180 206 228 |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | 15 32 55 77 101 125 151 175 201 225 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | 19 42 66 89 114 137 162 184 209 230 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | 12 25 50 72 97 120 147 172 200 223 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | 26 44 69 90 114 135 159 180 205 225 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | 13 22 53 80 106 130 156 180 205 228 |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 42]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 6 | 15 25 44 64 90 115 142 168 196 222 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | 19 24 62 82 100 120 145 168 190 214 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | 22 31 50 79 103 120 151 170 203 227 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | 21 29 45 65 106 124 150 171 196 224 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | 30 49 75 97 121 142 165 186 209 229 |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | 19 25 52 70 93 116 143 166 192 219 |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | 26 34 62 75 97 118 145 167 194 217 |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | 25 33 56 70 91 113 143 165 196 223 |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | 21 34 51 72 97 117 145 171 196 222 |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | 20 29 50 67 90 117 144 168 197 221 |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | 22 31 48 66 95 117 146 168 196 222 |
+ | | |
+ | 17 | 24 33 51 77 116 134 158 180 200 224 |
+ | | |
+ | 18 | 21 28 70 87 106 124 149 170 194 217 |
+ | | |
+ | 19 | 26 33 53 64 83 117 152 173 204 225 |
+ | | |
+ | 20 | 27 34 65 95 108 129 155 174 210 225 |
+ | | |
+ | 21 | 20 26 72 99 113 131 154 176 200 219 |
+ | | |
+ | 22 | 34 43 61 78 93 114 155 177 205 229 |
+ | | |
+ | 23 | 23 29 54 97 124 138 163 179 209 229 |
+ | | |
+ | 24 | 30 38 56 89 118 129 158 178 200 231 |
+ | | |
+ | 25 | 21 29 49 63 85 111 142 163 193 222 |
+ | | |
+ | 26 | 27 48 77 103 133 158 179 196 215 232 |
+ | | |
+ | 27 | 29 47 74 99 124 151 176 198 220 237 |
+ | | |
+ | 28 | 33 42 61 76 93 121 155 174 207 225 |
+ | | |
+ | 29 | 29 53 87 112 136 154 170 188 208 227 |
+ | | |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 43]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 30 | 24 30 52 84 131 150 166 186 203 229 |
+ | | |
+ | 31 | 37 48 64 84 104 118 156 177 201 230 |
+ +----+----------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 18: Codebook Vectors for NB/MB Normalized LSF Stage 1 Decoding
+
+ +----+------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | I1 | Codebook |
+ +----+------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 |
+ | | |
+ | 0 | 7 23 38 54 69 85 100 116 131 147 162 178 193 208 223 239 |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | 13 25 41 55 69 83 98 112 127 142 157 171 187 203 220 236 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | 15 21 34 51 61 78 92 106 126 136 152 167 185 205 225 240 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | 10 21 36 50 63 79 95 110 126 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | 17 20 37 51 59 78 89 107 123 134 150 164 184 205 224 240 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | 10 15 32 51 67 81 96 112 129 142 158 173 189 204 220 236 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | 8 21 37 51 65 79 98 113 126 138 155 168 179 192 209 218 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | 12 15 34 55 63 78 87 108 118 131 148 167 185 203 219 236 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | 16 19 32 36 56 79 91 108 118 136 154 171 186 204 220 237 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | 11 28 43 58 74 89 105 120 135 150 165 180 196 211 226 241 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | 6 16 33 46 60 75 92 107 123 137 156 169 185 199 214 225 |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | 11 19 30 44 57 74 89 105 121 135 152 169 186 202 218 234 |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | 12 19 29 46 57 71 88 100 120 132 148 165 182 199 216 233 |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | 17 23 35 46 56 77 92 106 123 134 152 167 185 204 222 237 |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | 14 17 45 53 63 75 89 107 115 132 151 171 188 206 221 240 |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | 9 16 29 40 56 71 88 103 119 137 154 171 189 205 222 237 |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | 16 19 36 48 57 76 87 105 118 132 150 167 185 202 218 236 |
+ | | |
+ | 17 | 12 17 29 54 71 81 94 104 126 136 149 164 182 201 221 237 |
+ | | |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 44]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 18 | 15 28 47 62 79 97 115 129 142 155 168 180 194 208 223 238 |
+ | | |
+ | 19 | 8 14 30 45 62 78 94 111 127 143 159 175 192 207 223 239 |
+ | | |
+ | 20 | 17 30 49 62 79 92 107 119 132 145 160 174 190 204 220 235 |
+ | | |
+ | 21 | 14 19 36 45 61 76 91 108 121 138 154 172 189 205 222 238 |
+ | | |
+ | 22 | 12 18 31 45 60 76 91 107 123 138 154 171 187 204 221 236 |
+ | | |
+ | 23 | 13 17 31 43 53 70 83 103 114 131 149 167 185 203 220 237 |
+ | | |
+ | 24 | 17 22 35 42 58 78 93 110 125 139 155 170 188 206 224 240 |
+ | | |
+ | 25 | 8 15 34 50 67 83 99 115 131 146 162 178 193 209 224 239 |
+ | | |
+ | 26 | 13 16 41 66 73 86 95 111 128 137 150 163 183 206 225 241 |
+ | | |
+ | 27 | 17 25 37 52 63 75 92 102 119 132 144 160 175 191 212 231 |
+ | | |
+ | 28 | 19 31 49 65 83 100 117 133 147 161 174 187 200 213 227 242 |
+ | | |
+ | 29 | 18 31 52 68 88 103 117 126 138 149 163 177 192 207 223 239 |
+ | | |
+ | 30 | 16 29 47 61 76 90 106 119 133 147 161 176 193 209 224 240 |
+ | | |
+ | 31 | 15 21 35 50 61 73 86 97 110 119 129 141 175 198 218 237 |
+ +----+------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 19: Codebook Vectors for WB Normalized LSF Stage 1 Decoding
+
+ Given the stage-1 codebook entry cb1_Q8[], the stage-2 residual
+ res_Q10[], and their corresponding weights, w_Q9[], the reconstructed
+ normalized LSF coefficients are
+
+ NLSF_Q15[k] = (cb1_Q8[k]<<7) + (res_Q10[k]<<14)/w_Q9[k] ,
+
+ where the division is exact integer division. However, nothing thus
+ far in the reconstruction process, nor in the quantization process in
+ the encoder, guarantees that the coefficients are monotonically
+ increasing and separated well enough to ensure a stable filter. When
+ using the reference encoder, roughly 2% of frames violate this
+ constraint. The next section describes a stabilization procedure
+ used to make these guarantees.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 45]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+4.2.4.3.1. Normalized LSF Stabilization
+
+ The normalized LSF stabilization procedure is implemented in
+ silk_NLSF_stabilize() (silk_NLSF_stabilize.c). This process ensures
+ that consecutive values of the normalized LSF coefficients,
+ NLSF_Q15[], are spaced some minimum distance apart (predetermined to
+ be the 0.01 percentile of a large training set). Table 20 gives the
+ minimum spacings for NB and MB and those for WB, where row k is the
+ minimum allowed value of NLSF_Q[k]-NLSF_Q[k-1]. For the purposes of
+ computing this spacing for the first and last coefficient,
+ NLSF_Q15[-1] is taken to be 0, and NLSF_Q15[d_LPC] is taken to be
+ 32768.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 46]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +-------------+-----------+-----+
+ | Coefficient | NB and MB | WB |
+ +-------------+-----------+-----+
+ | 0 | 250 | 100 |
+ | | | |
+ | 1 | 3 | 3 |
+ | | | |
+ | 2 | 6 | 40 |
+ | | | |
+ | 3 | 3 | 3 |
+ | | | |
+ | 4 | 3 | 3 |
+ | | | |
+ | 5 | 3 | 3 |
+ | | | |
+ | 6 | 4 | 5 |
+ | | | |
+ | 7 | 3 | 14 |
+ | | | |
+ | 8 | 3 | 14 |
+ | | | |
+ | 9 | 3 | 10 |
+ | | | |
+ | 10 | 461 | 11 |
+ | | | |
+ | 11 | | 3 |
+ | | | |
+ | 12 | | 8 |
+ | | | |
+ | 13 | | 9 |
+ | | | |
+ | 14 | | 7 |
+ | | | |
+ | 15 | | 3 |
+ | | | |
+ | 16 | | 347 |
+ +-------------+-----------+-----+
+
+ Table 20: Minimum Spacing for Normalized LSF Coefficients
+
+ The procedure starts off by trying to make small adjustments which
+ attempt to minimize the amount of distortion introduced. After 20
+ such adjustments, it falls back to a more direct method which
+ guarantees the constraints are enforced but may require large
+ adjustments.
+
+ Let NDeltaMin_Q15[k] be the minimum required spacing for the current
+ audio bandwidth from Table 20. First, the procedure finds the index
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 47]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ i where NLSF_Q15[i] - NLSF_Q15[i-1] - NDeltaMin_Q15[i] is the
+ smallest, breaking ties by using the lower value of i. If this value
+ is non-negative, then the stabilization stops; the coefficients
+ satisfy all the constraints. Otherwise, if i == 0, it sets
+ NLSF_Q15[0] to NDeltaMin_Q15[0], and if i == d_LPC, it sets
+ NLSF_Q15[d_LPC-1] to (32768 - NDeltaMin_Q15[d_LPC]). For all other
+ values of i, both NLSF_Q15[i-1] and NLSF_Q15[i] are updated as
+ follows:
+
+ i-1
+ __
+ min_center_Q15 = (NDeltaMin[i]>>1) + \ NDeltaMin[k]
+ /_
+ k=0
+ d_LPC
+ __
+ max_center_Q15 = 32768 - (NDeltaMin[i]>>1) - \ NDeltaMin[k]
+ /_
+ k=i+1
+ center_freq_Q15 = clamp(min_center_Q15[i],
+ (NLSF_Q15[i-1] + NLSF_Q15[i] + 1)>>1,
+ max_center_Q15[i])
+
+ NLSF_Q15[i-1] = center_freq_Q15 - (NDeltaMin_Q15[i]>>1)
+
+ NLSF_Q15[i] = NLSF_Q15[i-1] + NDeltaMin_Q15[i] .
+
+ Then the procedure repeats again, until it has executed 20 times, or
+ until it stops because the coefficients satisfy all the constraints.
+
+ After the 20th repetition of the above, the following fallback
+ procedure executes once. First, the values of NLSF_Q15[k] for
+ 0 <= k < d_LPC are sorted in ascending order. Then for each value of
+ k from 0 to d_LPC-1, NLSF_Q15[k] is set to
+
+ max(NLSF_Q15[k], NLSF_Q15[k-1] + NDeltaMin_Q15[k]) .
+
+ Next, for each value of k from d_LPC-1 down to 0, NLSF_Q15[k] is set
+ to
+
+ min(NLSF_Q15[k], NLSF_Q15[k+1] - NDeltaMin_Q15[k+1]) .
+
+4.2.4.3.2. Normalized LSF Interpolation
+
+ For 20 ms SILK frames, the first half of the frame (i.e., the first
+ two sub-frames) may use normalized LSF coefficients that are
+ interpolated between the decoded LSFs for the previous frame and the
+ current frame. A Q2 interpolation factor follows the LSF coefficient
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 48]
+
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+
+
+ indices in the bitstream, which is decoded using the PDF in Table 21.
+ This happens in silk_decode_indices() (silk_decode_indices.c). For
+ the first frame after a decoder reset, when no prior LSF coefficients
+ are available, the decoder still decodes this factor, but ignores its
+ value and always uses 4 instead. For 10 ms SILK frames, this factor
+ is not stored at all.
+
+ +---------------------------+
+ | PDF |
+ +---------------------------+
+ | {13, 22, 29, 11, 181}/256 |
+ +---------------------------+
+
+ Table 21: PDF for Normalized LSF Interpolation Index
+
+ Let n2_Q15[k] be the normalized LSF coefficients decoded by the
+ procedure in Section 4.2.4.3, n0_Q15[k] be the LSF coefficients
+ decoded for the prior frame, and w_Q2 be the interpolation factor.
+ Then the normalized LSF coefficients used for the first half of a
+ 20 ms frame, n1_Q15[k], are
+
+ n1_Q15[k] = n0_Q15[k] + (w_Q2*(n2_Q15[k] - n0_Q15[k]) >> 2) .
+
+ This interpolation is performed in silk_decode_parameters()
+ (silk_decode_parameters.c).
+
+4.2.4.3.3. Converting Normalized LSF Coefficients to LPCs
+
+ Any LPC filter A(z) can be split into a symmetric part P(z) and an
+ anti-symmetric part Q(z) such that
+
+ d_LPC
+ __ -k 1
+ A(z) = 1 - \ a[k] * z = - * (P(z) + Q(z))
+ /_ 2
+ k=1
+
+ with
+
+ -d_LPC-1 -1
+ P(z) = A(z) + z * A(z )
+
+ -d_LPC-1 -1
+ Q(z) = A(z) - z * A(z ) .
+
+ The even normalized LSF coefficients correspond to a pair of
+ conjugate roots of P(z), while the odd coefficients correspond to a
+ pair of conjugate roots of Q(z), all of which lie on the unit circle.
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 49]
+
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+
+
+ In addition, P(z) has a root at pi and Q(z) has a root at 0. Thus,
+ they may be reconstructed mathematically from a set of normalized LSF
+ coefficients, n[k], as
+
+ d_LPC/2-1
+ -1 ___ -1 -2
+ P(z) = (1 + z ) * | | (1 - 2*cos(pi*n[2*k])*z + z )
+ k=0
+
+ d_LPC/2-1
+ -1 ___ -1 -2
+ Q(z) = (1 - z ) * | | (1 - 2*cos(pi*n[2*k+1])*z + z )
+ k=0
+
+ However, SILK performs this reconstruction using a fixed-point
+ approximation so that all decoders can reproduce it in a bit-exact
+ manner to avoid prediction drift. The function silk_NLSF2A()
+ (silk_NLSF2A.c) implements this procedure.
+
+ To start, it approximates cos(pi*n[k]) using a table lookup with
+ linear interpolation. The encoder SHOULD use the inverse of this
+ piecewise linear approximation, rather than true the inverse of the
+ cosine function, when deriving the normalized LSF coefficients.
+
+ The top 7 bits of each normalized LSF coefficient index a value in
+ the table, and the next 8 bits interpolate between it and the next
+ value. Let i = n[k]>>8 be the integer index and f = n[k]&255 be the
+ fractional part of a given coefficient. Then the approximated
+ cosine, c_Q17[k], is
+
+ c_Q17[k] = (cos_Q13[i]*256 + (cos_Q13[i+1]-cos_Q13[i])*f + 8) >> 4 ,
+
+ where cos_Q13[i] is the corresponding entry of Table 22.
+
+ +-----+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
+ +-----+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | 0 | 8192 | 8190 | 8182 | 8170 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 4 | 8152 | 8130 | 8104 | 8072 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 8 | 8034 | 7994 | 7946 | 7896 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 12 | 7840 | 7778 | 7714 | 7644 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 16 | 7568 | 7490 | 7406 | 7318 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 20 | 7226 | 7128 | 7026 | 6922 |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 50]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 24 | 6812 | 6698 | 6580 | 6458 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 28 | 6332 | 6204 | 6070 | 5934 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 32 | 5792 | 5648 | 5502 | 5352 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 36 | 5198 | 5040 | 4880 | 4718 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 40 | 4552 | 4382 | 4212 | 4038 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 44 | 3862 | 3684 | 3502 | 3320 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 48 | 3136 | 2948 | 2760 | 2570 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 52 | 2378 | 2186 | 1990 | 1794 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 56 | 1598 | 1400 | 1202 | 1002 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 60 | 802 | 602 | 402 | 202 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 64 | 0 | -202 | -402 | -602 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 68 | -802 | -1002 | -1202 | -1400 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 72 | -1598 | -1794 | -1990 | -2186 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 76 | -2378 | -2570 | -2760 | -2948 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 80 | -3136 | -3320 | -3502 | -3684 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 84 | -3862 | -4038 | -4212 | -4382 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 88 | -4552 | -4718 | -4880 | -5040 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 92 | -5198 | -5352 | -5502 | -5648 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 96 | -5792 | -5934 | -6070 | -6204 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 100 | -6332 | -6458 | -6580 | -6698 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 104 | -6812 | -6922 | -7026 | -7128 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 108 | -7226 | -7318 | -7406 | -7490 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 112 | -7568 | -7644 | -7714 | -7778 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 116 | -7840 | -7896 | -7946 | -7994 |
+ | | | | | |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 51]
+
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+
+
+ | 120 | -8034 | -8072 | -8104 | -8130 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 124 | -8152 | -8170 | -8182 | -8190 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 128 | -8192 | | | |
+ +-----+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+ Table 22: Q13 Cosine Table for LSF Conversion
+
+ Given the list of cosine values, silk_NLSF2A_find_poly()
+ (silk_NLSF2A.c) computes the coefficients of P and Q, described here
+ via a simple recurrence. Let p_Q16[k][j] and q_Q16[k][j] be the
+ coefficients of the products of the first (k+1) root pairs for P and
+ Q, with j indexing the coefficient number. Only the first (k+2)
+ coefficients are needed, as the products are symmetric. Let
+ p_Q16[0][0] = q_Q16[0][0] = 1<<16, p_Q16[0][1] = -c_Q17[0],
+ q_Q16[0][1] = -c_Q17[1], and d2 = d_LPC/2. As boundary conditions,
+ assume p_Q16[k][j] = q_Q16[k][j] = 0 for all j < 0. Also, assume
+ p_Q16[k][k+2] = p_Q16[k][k] and q_Q16[k][k+2] = q_Q16[k][k] (because
+ of the symmetry). Then, for 0 <k < d2 and 0 <= j <= k+1,
+
+ p_Q16[k][j] = p_Q16[k-1][j] + p_Q16[k-1][j-2]
+ - ((c_Q17[2*k]*p_Q16[k-1][j-1] + 32768)>>16) ,
+
+ q_Q16[k][j] = q_Q16[k-1][j] + q_Q16[k-1][j-2]
+ - ((c_Q17[2*k+1]*q_Q16[k-1][j-1] + 32768)>>16) .
+
+ The use of Q17 values for the cosine terms in an otherwise Q16
+ expression implicitly scales them by a factor of 2. The
+ multiplications in this recurrence may require up to 48 bits of
+ precision in the result to avoid overflow. In practice, each row of
+ the recurrence only depends on the previous row, so an implementation
+ does not need to store all of them.
+
+ silk_NLSF2A() uses the values from the last row of this recurrence to
+ reconstruct a 32-bit version of the LPC filter (without the leading
+ 1.0 coefficient), a32_Q17[k], 0 <= k < d2:
+
+ a32_Q17[k] = -(q_Q16[d2-1][k+1] - q_Q16[d2-1][k])
+ - (p_Q16[d2-1][k+1] + p_Q16[d2-1][k])) ,
+
+ a32_Q17[d_LPC-k-1] = (q_Q16[d2-1][k+1] - q_Q16[d2-1][k])
+ - (p_Q16[d2-1][k+1] + p_Q16[d2-1][k])) .
+
+ The sum and difference of two terms from each of the p_Q16 and q_Q16
+ coefficient lists reflect the (1 + z**-1) and (1 - z**-1) factors of
+ P and Q, respectively. The promotion of the expression from Q16 to
+ Q17 implicitly scales the result by 1/2.
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 52]
+
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+
+
+4.2.4.3.4. Limiting the Range of the LPC Coefficients
+
+ The a32_Q17[] coefficients are too large to fit in a 16-bit value,
+ which significantly increases the cost of applying this filter in
+ fixed-point decoders. Reducing them to Q12 precision doesn't incur
+ any significant quality loss, but still does not guarantee they will
+ fit. silk_NLSF2A() applies up to 10 rounds of bandwidth expansion to
+ limit the dynamic range of these coefficients. Even floating-point
+ decoders SHOULD perform these steps, to avoid mismatch.
+
+ For each round, the process first finds the index k such that
+ abs(a32_Q17[k]) is the largest, breaking ties by using the lower
+ value of k. Then, it computes the corresponding Q12 precision value,
+ maxabs_Q12, subject to an upper bound to avoid overflow in subsequent
+ computations:
+
+ maxabs_Q12 = min((maxabs_Q17 + 16) >> 5, 163838) .
+
+ If this is larger than 32767, the procedure derives the chirp factor,
+ sc_Q16[0], to use in the bandwidth expansion as
+
+ (maxabs_Q12 - 32767) << 14
+ sc_Q16[0] = 65470 - -------------------------- ,
+ (maxabs_Q12 * (k+1)) >> 2
+
+ where the division here is exact integer division. This is an
+ approximation of the chirp factor needed to reduce the target
+ coefficient to 32767, though it is both less than 0.999 and, for
+ k > 0 when maxabs_Q12 is much greater than 32767, still slightly too
+ large.
+
+ silk_bwexpander_32() (silk_bwexpander_32.c) performs the bandwidth
+ expansion (again, only when maxabs_Q12 is greater than 32767) using
+ the following recurrence:
+
+ a32_Q17[k] = (a32_Q17[k]*sc_Q16[k]) >> 16
+
+ sc_Q16[k+1] = (sc_Q16[0]*sc_Q16[k] + 32768) >> 16
+
+ The first multiply may require up to 48 bits of precision in the
+ result to avoid overflow. The second multiply must be unsigned to
+ avoid overflow with only 32 bits of precision. The reference
+ implementation uses a slightly more complex formulation that avoids
+ the 32-bit overflow using signed multiplication, but is otherwise
+ equivalent.
+
+ After 10 rounds of bandwidth expansion are performed, they are simply
+ saturated to 16 bits:
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 53]
+
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+
+
+ a32_Q17[k] = clamp(-32768, (a32_Q17[k]+16) >> 5, 32767) << 5 .
+
+ Because this performs the actual saturation in the Q12 domain, but
+ converts the coefficients back to the Q17 domain for the purposes of
+ prediction gain limiting, this step must be performed after the 10th
+ round of bandwidth expansion, regardless of whether or not the Q12
+ version of any of the coefficients still overflow a 16-bit integer.
+ This saturation is not performed if maxabs_Q12 drops to 32767 or less
+ prior to the 10th round.
+
+4.2.4.3.5. Limiting the Prediction Gain of the LPC Filter
+
+ Even if the Q12 coefficients would fit, the resulting filter may
+ still have a significant gain (especially for voiced sounds), making
+ the filter unstable. silk_NLSF2A() applies up to 18 additional rounds
+ of bandwidth expansion to limit the prediction gain. Instead of
+ controlling the amount of bandwidth expansion using the prediction
+ gain itself (which may diverge to infinity for an unstable filter),
+ silk_NLSF2A() uses LPC_inverse_pred_gain_QA()
+ (silk_LPC_inv_pred_gain.c) to compute the reflection coefficients
+ associated with the filter. The filter is stable if and only if the
+ magnitude of these coefficients is sufficiently less than one. The
+ reflection coefficients, rc[k], can be computed using a simple
+ Levinson recurrence, initialized with the LPC coefficients a[d_LPC-
+ 1][n] = a[n], and then updated via
+
+ rc[k] = -a[k][k] ,
+
+ a[k][n] - a[k][k-n-1]*rc[k]
+ a[k-1][n] = --------------------------- .
+ 2
+ 1 - rc[k]
+
+ However, LPC_inverse_pred_gain_QA() approximates this using fixed-
+ point arithmetic to guarantee reproducible results across platforms
+ and implementations. It is important to run on the real Q12
+ coefficients that will be used during reconstruction, because small
+ changes in the coefficients can make a stable filter unstable, but
+ increasing the precision back to Q16 allows more accurate computation
+ of the reflection coefficients. Thus, let
+
+ a32_Q16[d_LPC-1][n] = ((a32_Q17[n] + 16) >> 5) << 4
+
+ be the Q16 representation of the Q12 version of the LPC coefficients
+ that will eventually be used. Then for each k from d_LPC-1 down to
+ 0, if abs(a32_Q16[k][k]) > 65520, the filter is unstable and the
+ recurrence stops. Otherwise, the row k-1 of a32_Q16 is computed from
+ row k as
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 54]
+
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+
+
+ rc_Q31[k] = -a32_Q16[k][k] << 15 ,
+
+ div_Q30[k] = (1<<30) - 1 - (rc_Q31[k]*rc_Q31[k] >> 32) ,
+
+ b1[k] = ilog(div_Q30[k]) - 16 ,
+
+ (1<<29) - 1
+ inv_Qb1[k] = ----------------------- ,
+ div_Q30[k] >> (b1[k]+1)
+
+ err_Q29[k] = (1<<29)
+ - ((div_Q30[k]<<(15-b1[k]))*inv_Qb1[k] >> 16) ,
+
+ mul_Q16[k] = ((inv_Qb1[k] << 16)
+ + (err_Q29[k]*inv_Qb1[k] >> 13)) >> b1[k] ,
+
+ b2[k] = ilog(mul_Q16[k]) - 15 ,
+
+ t_Q16[k-1][n] = a32_Q16[k][n]
+ - ((a32_Q16[k][k-n-1]*rc_Q31[k] >> 32) << 1) ,
+
+ a32_Q16[k-1][n] = ((t_Q16[k-1][n] *
+ (mul_Q16[k] << (16-b2[k]))) >> 32) << b2[k] .
+
+ Here, rc_Q30[k] are the reflection coefficients. div_Q30[k] is the
+ denominator for each iteration, and mul_Q16[k] is its multiplicative
+ inverse. inv_Qb1[k], which ranges from 16384 to 32767, is a low-
+ precision version of that inverse (with b1[k] fractional bits, where
+ b1[k] ranges from 3 to 14). err_Q29[k] is the residual error, ranging
+ from -32392 to 32763, which is used to improve the accuracy.
+ t_Q16[k-1][n], 0 <= n < k, are the numerators for the next row of
+ coefficients in the recursion, and a32_Q16[k-1][n] is the final
+ version of that row. Every multiply in this procedure except the one
+ used to compute mul_Q16[k] requires more than 32 bits of precision,
+ but otherwise all intermediate results fit in 32 bits or less. In
+ practice, because each row only depends on the next one, an
+ implementation does not need to store them all. If
+ abs(a32_Q16[k][k]) <= 65520 for 0 <= k < d_LPC, then the filter is
+ considered stable.
+
+ On round i, 1 <= i <= 18, if the filter passes this stability check,
+ then this procedure stops, and the final LPC coefficients to use for
+ reconstruction are
+
+ a_Q12[k] = (a32_Q17[k] + 16) >> 5 .
+
+ Otherwise, a round of bandwidth expansion is applied using the same
+ procedure as in Section 4.2.4.3.4, with
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 55]
+
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+
+
+ sc_Q16[0] = 65536 - i*(i+9) .
+
+ If, after the 18th round, the filter still fails the stability check,
+ then a_Q12[k] is set to 0 for all k.
+
+4.2.4.4. Long-Term Prediction (LTP) Parameters
+
+ After the normalized LSF indices and, for 20 ms frames, the LSF
+ interpolation index, voiced frames (see Section 4.2.4.1) include
+ additional Long-Term Prediction (LTP) parameters. There is one
+ primary lag index for each SILK frame, but this is refined to produce
+ a separate lag index per subframe using a vector quantizer. Each
+ subframe also gets its own prediction gain coefficient.
+
+4.2.4.4.1. Pitch Lags
+
+ The primary lag index is coded either relative to the primary lag of
+ the prior frame or as an absolute index. Like the quantization
+ gains, the first LBRR frame, an LBRR frame where the previous LBRR
+ frame was not coded, or the first regular SILK frame in an Opus frame
+ all code the pitch lag as an absolute index. When the prior frame
+ was not voiced, this also forces absolute coding.
+
+ With absolute coding, the primary pitch lag may range from 2 ms
+ (inclusive) up to 18 ms (exclusive), corresponding to pitches from
+ 500 Hz down to 55.6 Hz, respectively. It is comprised of a high part
+ and a low part, where the decoder reads the high part using the 32-
+ entry codebook in Table 23 and the low part using the codebook
+ corresponding to the current audio bandwidth from Table 24. The
+ final primary pitch lag is then
+
+ lag = lag_high*lag_scale + lag_low + lag_min
+
+ where lag_high is the high part, lag_low is the low part, and
+ lag_scale and lag_min are the values from the "Scale" and "Minimum
+ Lag" columns of Table 24, respectively.
+
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | PDF |
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | {3, 3, 6, 11, 21, 30, 32, 19, 11, 10, 12, 13, 13, 12, 11, 9, 8, |
+ | 7, 6, 4, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}/256 |
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 23: PDF for High Part of Primary Pitch Lag
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 56]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +------------+------------------------+-------+----------+----------+
+ | Audio | PDF | Scale | Minimum | Maximum |
+ | Bandwidth | | | Lag | Lag |
+ +------------+------------------------+-------+----------+----------+
+ | NB | {64, 64, 64, 64}/256 | 4 | 16 | 144 |
+ | | | | | |
+ | MB | {43, 42, 43, 43, 42, | 6 | 24 | 216 |
+ | | 43}/256 | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | WB | {32, 32, 32, 32, 32, | 8 | 32 | 288 |
+ | | 32, 32, 32}/256 | | | |
+ +------------+------------------------+-------+----------+----------+
+
+ Table 24: PDF for Low Part of Primary Pitch Lag
+
+ All frames that do not use absolute coding for the primary lag index
+ use relative coding instead. The decoder reads a single delta value
+ using the 21-entry PDF in Table 25. If the resulting value is zero,
+ it falls back to the absolute coding procedure from the prior
+ paragraph. Otherwise, the final primary pitch lag is then
+
+ lag = lag_prev + (delta_lag_index - 9)
+
+ where lag_prev is the primary pitch lag from the previous frame and
+ delta_lag_index is the value just decoded. This allows a per-frame
+ change in the pitch lag of -8 to +11 samples. The decoder does no
+ clamping at this point, so this value can fall outside the range of
+ 2 ms to 18 ms, and the decoder must use this unclamped value when
+ using relative coding in the next SILK frame (if any). However,
+ because an Opus frame can use relative coding for at most two
+ consecutive SILK frames, integer overflow should not be an issue.
+
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | PDF |
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | {46, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 15, 26, 38, 30, 22, 15, 10, 7, 6, 4, 4, |
+ | 2, 2, 2}/256 |
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 25: PDF for Pitch Lag Change
+
+ After the primary pitch lag, a "pitch contour", stored as a single
+ entry from one of four small VQ codebooks, gives lag offsets for each
+ subframe in the current SILK frame. The codebook index is decoded
+ using one of the PDFs in Table 26 depending on the current frame size
+ and audio bandwidth. Table 27 through Table 30 give the
+ corresponding offsets to apply to the primary pitch lag for each
+ subframe given the decoded codebook index.
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 57]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +-----------+--------+----------+-----------------------------------+
+ | Audio | SILK | Codebook | PDF |
+ | Bandwidth | Frame | Size | |
+ | | Size | | |
+ +-----------+--------+----------+-----------------------------------+
+ | NB | 10 ms | 3 | {143, 50, 63}/256 |
+ | | | | |
+ | NB | 20 ms | 11 | {68, 12, 21, 17, 19, 22, 30, 24, |
+ | | | | 17, 16, 10}/256 |
+ | | | | |
+ | MB or WB | 10 ms | 12 | {91, 46, 39, 19, 14, 12, 8, 7, 6, |
+ | | | | 5, 5, 4}/256 |
+ | | | | |
+ | MB or WB | 20 ms | 34 | {33, 22, 18, 16, 15, 14, 14, 13, |
+ | | | | 13, 10, 9, 9, 8, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, |
+ | | | | 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, |
+ | | | | 2, 1, 1, 1, 1} |
+ +-----------+--------+----------+-----------------------------------+
+
+ Table 26: PDFs for Subframe Pitch Contour
+
+ +-------+------------------+
+ | Index | Subframe Offsets |
+ +-------+------------------+
+ | 0 | 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | 1 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | 0 1 |
+ +-------+------------------+
+
+ Table 27: Codebook Vectors for Subframe Pitch Contour: NB, 10 ms
+ Frames
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 58]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +-------+------------------+
+ | Index | Subframe Offsets |
+ +-------+------------------+
+ | 0 | 0 0 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | 2 1 0 -1 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | -1 0 1 2 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | -1 0 0 1 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | -1 0 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | 0 0 0 1 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | 0 0 1 1 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | 1 1 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | 1 0 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | 0 0 0 -1 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | 1 0 0 -1 |
+ +-------+------------------+
+
+ Table 28: Codebook Vectors for Subframe Pitch Contour: NB, 20 ms
+ Frames
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 59]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +-------+------------------+
+ | Index | Subframe Offsets |
+ +-------+------------------+
+ | 0 | 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | 0 1 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | 1 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | -1 1 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | 1 -1 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | -1 2 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | 2 -1 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | -2 2 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | 2 -2 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | -2 3 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | 3 -2 |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | -3 3 |
+ +-------+------------------+
+
+ Table 29: Codebook Vectors for Subframe Pitch Contour: MB or WB,
+ 10 ms Frames
+
+ +-------+------------------+
+ | Index | Subframe Offsets |
+ +-------+------------------+
+ | 0 | 0 0 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | 0 0 1 1 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | 1 1 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | -1 0 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | 0 0 0 1 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | 1 0 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | -1 0 0 1 |
+ | | |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 60]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 7 | 0 0 0 -1 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | -1 0 1 2 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | 1 0 0 -1 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | -2 -1 1 2 |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | 2 1 0 -1 |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | -2 0 0 2 |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | -2 0 1 3 |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | 2 1 -1 -2 |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | -3 -1 1 3 |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | 2 0 0 -2 |
+ | | |
+ | 17 | 3 1 0 -2 |
+ | | |
+ | 18 | -3 -1 2 4 |
+ | | |
+ | 19 | -4 -1 1 4 |
+ | | |
+ | 20 | 3 1 -1 -3 |
+ | | |
+ | 21 | -4 -1 2 5 |
+ | | |
+ | 22 | 4 2 -1 -3 |
+ | | |
+ | 23 | 4 1 -1 -4 |
+ | | |
+ | 24 | -5 -1 2 6 |
+ | | |
+ | 25 | 5 2 -1 -4 |
+ | | |
+ | 26 | -6 -2 2 6 |
+ | | |
+ | 27 | -5 -2 2 5 |
+ | | |
+ | 28 | 6 2 -1 -5 |
+ | | |
+ | 29 | -7 -2 3 8 |
+ | | |
+ | 30 | 6 2 -2 -6 |
+ | | |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 61]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 31 | 5 2 -2 -5 |
+ | | |
+ | 32 | 8 3 -2 -7 |
+ | | |
+ | 33 | -9 -3 3 9 |
+ +-------+------------------+
+
+ Table 30: Codebook Vectors for Subframe Pitch Contour: MB or WB,
+ 20 ms Frames
+
+ The final pitch lag for each subframe is assembled in
+ silk_decode_pitch() (silk_decode_pitch.c). Let lag be the primary
+ pitch lag for the current SILK frame, contour_index be index of the
+ VQ codebook, and lag_cb[contour_index][k] be the corresponding entry
+ of the codebook from the appropriate table given above for the k'th
+ subframe. Then the final pitch lag for that subframe is
+
+ pitch_lags[k] = clamp(lag_min, lag + lag_cb[contour_index][k],
+ lag_max)
+
+ where lag_min and lag_max are the values from the "Minimum Lag" and
+ "Maximum Lag" columns of Table 24, respectively.
+
+4.2.4.4.2. LTP Filter Coefficients
+
+ SILK can use a separate 5-tap pitch filter for each subframe. It
+ selects the filter to use from one of three codebooks. All of the
+ subframes in a SILK frame must choose their filter from the same
+ codebook, itself chosen via an explicitly-coded "periodicity index".
+ This immediately follows the subframe pitch lags, and is coded using
+ the 3-entry PDF from Table 31.
+
+ +------------------+
+ | PDF |
+ +------------------+
+ | {77, 80, 99}/256 |
+ +------------------+
+
+ Table 31: Periodicity Index PDF
+
+ The index of the filter for use for each subframe follows. They are
+ all coded using the PDF from Table 32 corresponding to the
+ periodicity index. Table 33 through Table 35 contain the
+ corresponding filter taps as signed Q7 integers.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 62]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +-------------+----------+------------------------------------------+
+ | Periodicity | Codebook | PDF |
+ | Index | Size | |
+ +-------------+----------+------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 | 8 | {185, 15, 13, 13, 9, 9, 6, 6}/256 |
+ | | | |
+ | 1 | 16 | {57, 34, 21, 20, 15, 13, 12, 13, 10, 10, |
+ | | | 9, 10, 9, 8, 7, 8}/256 |
+ | | | |
+ | 2 | 32 | {15, 16, 14, 12, 12, 12, 11, 11, 11, 10, |
+ | | | 9, 9, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 6, 6, 5, |
+ | | | 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2}/256 |
+ +-------------+----------+------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 32: Periodicity Index PDF
+
+ +-------+---------------------+
+ | Index | Filter Taps (Q7) |
+ +-------+---------------------+
+ | 0 | 4 6 24 7 5 |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | 0 0 2 0 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | 12 28 41 13 -4 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | -9 15 42 25 14 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | 1 -2 62 41 -9 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | -10 37 65 -4 3 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | -6 4 66 7 -8 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | 16 14 38 -3 33 |
+ +-------+---------------------+
+
+ Table 33: Codebook Vectors for LTP Filter, Periodicity Index 0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 63]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +-------+---------------------+
+ | Index | Filter Taps (Q7) |
+ +-------+---------------------+
+ | 0 | 13 22 39 23 12 |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | -1 36 64 27 -6 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | -7 10 55 43 17 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | 1 1 8 1 1 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | 6 -11 74 53 -9 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | -12 55 76 -12 8 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | -3 3 93 27 -4 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | 26 39 59 3 -8 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | 2 0 77 11 9 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | -8 22 44 -6 7 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | 40 9 26 3 9 |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | -7 20 101 -7 4 |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | 3 -8 42 26 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | -15 33 68 2 23 |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | -2 55 46 -2 15 |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | 3 -1 21 16 41 |
+ +-------+---------------------+
+
+ Table 34: Codebook Vectors for LTP Filter, Periodicity Index 1
+
+ +-------+---------------------+
+ | Index | Filter Taps (Q7) |
+ +-------+---------------------+
+ | 0 | -6 27 61 39 5 |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | -11 42 88 4 1 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | -2 60 65 6 -4 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | -1 -5 73 56 1 |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 64]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 4 | -9 19 94 29 -9 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | 0 12 99 6 4 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | 8 -19 102 46 -13 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | 3 2 13 3 2 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | 9 -21 84 72 -18 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | -11 46 104 -22 8 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | 18 38 48 23 0 |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | -16 70 83 -21 11 |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | 5 -11 117 22 -8 |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | -6 23 117 -12 3 |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | 3 -8 95 28 4 |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | -10 15 77 60 -15 |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | -1 4 124 2 -4 |
+ | | |
+ | 17 | 3 38 84 24 -25 |
+ | | |
+ | 18 | 2 13 42 13 31 |
+ | | |
+ | 19 | 21 -4 56 46 -1 |
+ | | |
+ | 20 | -1 35 79 -13 19 |
+ | | |
+ | 21 | -7 65 88 -9 -14 |
+ | | |
+ | 22 | 20 4 81 49 -29 |
+ | | |
+ | 23 | 20 0 75 3 -17 |
+ | | |
+ | 24 | 5 -9 44 92 -8 |
+ | | |
+ | 25 | 1 -3 22 69 31 |
+ | | |
+ | 26 | -6 95 41 -12 5 |
+ | | |
+ | 27 | 39 67 16 -4 1 |
+ | | |
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 65]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 28 | 0 -6 120 55 -36 |
+ | | |
+ | 29 | -13 44 122 4 -24 |
+ | | |
+ | 30 | 81 5 11 3 7 |
+ | | |
+ | 31 | 2 0 9 10 88 |
+ +-------+---------------------+
+
+ Table 35: Codebook Vectors for LTP Filter, Periodicity Index 2
+
+4.2.4.4.3. LTP Scaling Parameter
+
+ After the LTP filter coefficients, an LTP scaling parameter may
+ appear. This allows the encoder to trade-off the prediction gain
+ between packets against the recovery time after packet loss. Like
+ the quantization gains, only the first LBRR frame in an Opus frame,
+ an LBRR frame where the prior LBRR frame was not coded, and the first
+ regular SILK frame in an Opus frame include this field, and, like all
+ of the other LTP parameters, only for frames that are also voiced.
+ Unlike absolute-coding for pitch lags, a SILK frame will not include
+ this field just because the prior frame was not voiced.
+
+ If present, the value is coded using the 3-entry PDF in Table 36.
+ The three possible values represent Q14 scale factors of 15565,
+ 12288, and 8192, respectively (corresponding to approximately 0.95,
+ 0.75, and 0.5). Frames that do not code the scaling parameter use
+ the default factor of 15565 (0.95).
+
+ +-------------------+
+ | PDF |
+ +-------------------+
+ | {128, 64, 64}/256 |
+ +-------------------+
+
+ Table 36: PDF for LTP Scaling Parameter
+
+4.2.4.5. Linear Congruential Generator (LCG) Seed
+
+ SILK uses a linear congruential generator (LCG) to inject
+ pseudorandom noise into the quantized excitation. To ensure
+ synchronization of this process between the encoder and decoder, each
+ SILK frame stores a 2-bit seed after the LTP parameters (if any).
+ The encoder may consider the choice of this seed during quantization,
+ meaning the flexibility to choose the LCG seed can reduce distortion.
+ The seed is decoded with the uniform 4-entry PDF in Table 37,
+ yielding a value between 0 and 3, inclusive.
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 66]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +----------------------+
+ | PDF |
+ +----------------------+
+ | {64, 64, 64, 64}/256 |
+ +----------------------+
+
+ Table 37: PDF for LCG Seed
+
+4.2.4.6. Excitation
+
+ SILK codes the excitation using a modified version of the Pyramid
+ Vector Quantization (PVQ) codebook [PVQ]. The PVQ codebook consists
+ of all sums of K signed, unit pulses in a vector of dimension N,
+ where two pulses at the same position are required to have the same
+ sign. Thus the codebook includes all integer codevectors y of
+ dimension N that satisfy
+
+ N-1
+ __
+ \ abs(y[j]) = K .
+ /_
+ j=0
+
+ Unlike regular PVQ, SILK uses a variable-length, rather than fixed-
+ length, encoding. This encoding is more suited to the Gaussian-like
+ distribution of the coefficient magnitudes and the non-uniform
+ distribution of their signs (caused by the quantization offset
+ described below). SILK also handles large codebooks by coding the
+ least significant bits (LSBs) of each coefficient directly. This
+ adds a small coding efficiency loss, but greatly reduces the
+ computation time and ROM size required for decoding, as implemented
+ in silk_decode_pulses() (silk_decode_pulses.c).
+
+ SILK fixes the dimension of the codebook to N = 16. The excitation
+ is made up of a number of "shell blocks", each 16 samples in size.
+ Table 38 lists the number of shell blocks required for a SILK frame
+ for each possible audio bandwidth and frame size. 10 ms MB frames
+ nominally contain 120 samples (10 ms at 12 kHz), which is not a
+ multiple of 16. This is handled by coding 8 shell blocks (128
+ samples) and discarding the final 8 samples of the last block. The
+ decoder contains no special case that prevents an encoder from
+ placing pulses in these samples, and they must be correctly parsed
+ from the bitstream if present, but they are otherwise ignored.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 67]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +-----------------+------------+------------------------+
+ | Audio Bandwidth | Frame Size | Number of Shell Blocks |
+ +-----------------+------------+------------------------+
+ | NB | 10 ms | 5 |
+ | | | |
+ | MB | 10 ms | 8 |
+ | | | |
+ | WB | 10 ms | 10 |
+ | | | |
+ | NB | 20 ms | 10 |
+ | | | |
+ | MB | 20 ms | 15 |
+ | | | |
+ | WB | 20 ms | 20 |
+ +-----------------+------------+------------------------+
+
+ Table 38: Number of Shell Blocks Per SILK Frame
+
+4.2.4.6.1. Rate Level
+
+ The first symbol in the excitation is a "rate level", which is an
+ index from 0 to 8, inclusive, coded using the PDF in Table 39
+ corresponding to the signal type of the current frame (from
+ Section 4.2.4.1). The rate level selects the PDF used to decode the
+ number of pulses in the individual shell blocks. It does not
+ directly convey any information about the bitrate or the number of
+ pulses itself, but merely changes the probability of the symbols in
+ Section 4.2.4.6.2. Level 0 provides a more efficient encoding at low
+ rates generally, and level 8 provides a more efficient encoding at
+ high rates generally, though the most efficient level for a
+ particular SILK frame may depend on the exact distribution of the
+ coded symbols. An encoder should, but is not required to, use the
+ most efficient rate level.
+
+ +----------------------+------------------------------------------+
+ | Signal Type | PDF |
+ +----------------------+------------------------------------------+
+ | Inactive or Unvoiced | {15, 51, 12, 46, 45, 13, 33, 27, 14}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | Voiced | {33, 30, 36, 17, 34, 49, 18, 21, 18}/256 |
+ +----------------------+------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 39: PDFs for the Rate Level
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 68]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+4.2.4.6.2. Pulses Per Shell Block
+
+ The total number of pulses in each of the shell blocks follows the
+ rate level. The pulse counts for all of the shell blocks are coded
+ in a row, before the content of any of the blocks. Each block may
+ have anywhere from 0 to 16 pulses, inclusive, coded using the 18-
+ entry PDF in Table 40 corresponding to the rate level from
+ Section 4.2.4.6.1. The special value 17 indicates that this block
+ has one or more additional LSBs to decode for each coefficient. If
+ it is encountered, another value is decoded using the PDF
+ corresponding to the special rate level 9 instead of the normal rate
+ level. This process repeats until a value less than 17 is decoded,
+ and the number of extra LSBs used is set to the number of 17's
+ decoded for that block.
+
+ +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+ | Rate | PDF |
+ | Level | |
+ +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 | {131, 74, 25, 8, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, |
+ | | 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 1 | {58, 93, 60, 23, 7, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, |
+ | | 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | {43, 51, 46, 33, 24, 16, 11, 8, 6, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, |
+ | | 2, 1, 2}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | {17, 52, 71, 57, 31, 12, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, |
+ | | 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | {6, 21, 41, 53, 49, 35, 21, 11, 6, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, |
+ | | 1, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | {7, 14, 22, 28, 29, 28, 25, 20, 17, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5, |
+ | | 4, 4, 3, 10}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | {2, 5, 14, 29, 42, 46, 41, 31, 19, 11, 6, 3, 2, 1, 1, |
+ | | 1, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | {1, 2, 4, 10, 19, 29, 35, 37, 34, 28, 20, 14, 8, 5, 4, |
+ | | 2, 2, 2}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | {1, 2, 2, 5, 9, 14, 20, 24, 27, 28, 26, 23, 20, 15, |
+ | | 11, 8, 6, 15}/256 |
+ | | |
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 69]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ | 9 | {1, 1, 1, 6, 27, 58, 56, 39, 25, 14, 10, 6, 3, 3, 2, |
+ | | 1, 1, 2}/256 |
+ +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 40: PDFs for the Pulse Count
+
+4.2.4.6.3. Pulse Magnitude Decoding
+
+ The locations of the pulses in each shell block follows the pulse
+ counts, as decoded by silk_shell_decoder() (silk_shell_coder.c). As
+ with the pulse counts, these locations are coded for all the shell
+ blocks before any of the remaining information for each block.
+ Unlike many other codecs, SILK places no restriction on the
+ distribution of pulses within a shell block. All of the pulses may
+ be placed in a single location, or each one in a unique location, or
+ anything in-between.
+
+ The location of pulses is coded by recursively partitioning each
+ block into halves, and coding how many pulses fall on the left side
+ of the split. All remaining pulses must fall on the right side of
+ the split. The process then recurses into the left half, and after
+ that returns, the right half (preorder traversal). The PDF to use is
+ chosen by the size of the current partition (16, 8, 4, or 2) and the
+ number of pulses in the partition (1 to 16, inclusive). Table 41
+ through Table 44 list the PDFs use for each partition size and pulse
+ count. This process skips partitions without any pulses, i.e., where
+ the initial pulse count from Section 4.2.4.6.2 was zero, or where the
+ split in the prior level indicated that all of the pulses fell on the
+ other side. These partitions have nothing to code, so they require
+ no PDF.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 70]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+ | Pulse | PDF |
+ | Count | |
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+ | 1 | {126, 130}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | {56, 142, 58}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | {25, 101, 104, 26}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | {12, 60, 108, 64, 12}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | {7, 35, 84, 87, 37, 6}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | {4, 20, 59, 86, 63, 21, 3}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | {3, 12, 38, 72, 75, 42, 12, 2}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | {2, 8, 25, 54, 73, 59, 27, 7, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | {2, 5, 17, 39, 63, 65, 42, 18, 4, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | {1, 4, 12, 28, 49, 63, 54, 30, 11, 3, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | {1, 4, 8, 20, 37, 55, 57, 41, 22, 8, 2, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | {1, 3, 7, 15, 28, 44, 53, 48, 33, 16, 6, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | {1, 2, 6, 12, 21, 35, 47, 48, 40, 25, 12, 5, 1, |
+ | | 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | {1, 1, 4, 10, 17, 27, 37, 47, 43, 33, 21, 9, 4, 1, |
+ | | 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | {1, 1, 1, 8, 14, 22, 33, 40, 43, 38, 28, 16, 8, 1, |
+ | | 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | {1, 1, 1, 1, 13, 18, 27, 36, 41, 41, 34, 24, 14, 1, |
+ | | 1, 1, 1}/256 |
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 41: PDFs for Pulse Count Split, 16 Sample Partitions
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 71]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+ | Pulse | PDF |
+ | Count | |
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+ | 1 | {127, 129}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | {53, 149, 54}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | {22, 105, 106, 23}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | {11, 61, 111, 63, 10}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | {6, 35, 86, 88, 36, 5}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | {4, 20, 59, 87, 62, 21, 3}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | {3, 13, 40, 71, 73, 41, 13, 2}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | {3, 9, 27, 53, 70, 56, 28, 9, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | {3, 8, 19, 37, 57, 61, 44, 20, 6, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | {3, 7, 15, 28, 44, 54, 49, 33, 17, 5, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | {1, 7, 13, 22, 34, 46, 48, 38, 28, 14, 4, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | {1, 1, 11, 22, 27, 35, 42, 47, 33, 25, 10, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | {1, 1, 6, 14, 26, 37, 43, 43, 37, 26, 14, 6, 1, |
+ | | 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | {1, 1, 4, 10, 20, 31, 40, 42, 40, 31, 20, 10, 4, 1, |
+ | | 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | {1, 1, 3, 8, 16, 26, 35, 38, 38, 35, 26, 16, 8, 3, |
+ | | 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | {1, 1, 2, 6, 12, 21, 30, 36, 38, 36, 30, 21, 12, 6, |
+ | | 2, 1, 1}/256 |
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 42: PDFs for Pulse Count Split, 8 Sample Partitions
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 72]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+ | Pulse | PDF |
+ | Count | |
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+ | 1 | {127, 129}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | {49, 157, 50}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | {20, 107, 109, 20}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | {11, 60, 113, 62, 10}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | {7, 36, 84, 87, 36, 6}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | {6, 24, 57, 82, 60, 23, 4}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | {5, 18, 39, 64, 68, 42, 16, 4}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | {6, 14, 29, 47, 61, 52, 30, 14, 3}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | {1, 15, 23, 35, 51, 50, 40, 30, 10, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | {1, 1, 21, 32, 42, 52, 46, 41, 18, 1, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | {1, 6, 16, 27, 36, 42, 42, 36, 27, 16, 6, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | {1, 5, 12, 21, 31, 38, 40, 38, 31, 21, 12, 5, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | {1, 3, 9, 17, 26, 34, 38, 38, 34, 26, 17, 9, 3, |
+ | | 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | {1, 3, 7, 14, 22, 29, 34, 36, 34, 29, 22, 14, 7, 3, |
+ | | 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | {1, 2, 5, 11, 18, 25, 31, 35, 35, 31, 25, 18, 11, 5, |
+ | | 2, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | {1, 1, 4, 9, 15, 21, 28, 32, 34, 32, 28, 21, 15, 9, |
+ | | 4, 1, 1}/256 |
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 43: PDFs for Pulse Count Split, 4 Sample Partitions
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+ | Pulse | PDF |
+ | Count | |
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+ | 1 | {128, 128}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 2 | {42, 172, 42}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 3 | {21, 107, 107, 21}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 4 | {12, 60, 112, 61, 11}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 5 | {8, 34, 86, 86, 35, 7}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 6 | {8, 23, 55, 90, 55, 20, 5}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 7 | {5, 15, 38, 72, 72, 36, 15, 3}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 8 | {6, 12, 27, 52, 77, 47, 20, 10, 5}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 9 | {6, 19, 28, 35, 40, 40, 35, 28, 19, 6}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 10 | {4, 14, 22, 31, 37, 40, 37, 31, 22, 14, 4}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 11 | {3, 10, 18, 26, 33, 38, 38, 33, 26, 18, 10, 3}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 12 | {2, 8, 13, 21, 29, 36, 38, 36, 29, 21, 13, 8, 2}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 13 | {1, 5, 10, 17, 25, 32, 38, 38, 32, 25, 17, 10, 5, |
+ | | 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 14 | {1, 4, 7, 13, 21, 29, 35, 36, 35, 29, 21, 13, 7, 4, |
+ | | 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 15 | {1, 2, 5, 10, 17, 25, 32, 36, 36, 32, 25, 17, 10, 5, |
+ | | 2, 1}/256 |
+ | | |
+ | 16 | {1, 2, 4, 7, 13, 21, 28, 34, 36, 34, 28, 21, 13, 7, |
+ | | 4, 2, 1}/256 |
+ +------------+------------------------------------------------------+
+
+ Table 44: PDFs for Pulse Count Split, 2 Sample Partitions
+
+4.2.5. LBRR Frames
+
+ LBRR frames, if present, immediately follow the header bits, prior to
+ any regular SILK frames. Each frame whose LBRR flag was set includes
+ a separate set of data for each channel.
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+4.3. CELT Decoder
+
+ The CELT layer is decoded based on the following symbols and sets of
+ symbols:
+
+ +---------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+
+ | Symbol(s) | PDF | Condition |
+ +---------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+
+ | silence | {32767, 1}/32768 | |
+ | | | |
+ | post-filter | {1, 1}/2 | |
+ | | | |
+ | octave | uniform (6) | post-filter |
+ | | | |
+ | period | raw bits (4+octave) | post-filter |
+ | | | |
+ | gain | raw bits (3) | post-filter |
+ | | | |
+ | tapset | {2, 1, 1}/4 | post-filter |
+ | | | |
+ | transient | {7, 1}/8 | |
+ | | | |
+ | intra | {7, 1}/8 | |
+ | | | |
+ | coarse energy | Section 4.3.2 | |
+ | | | |
+ | tf_change | Section 4.3.1 | |
+ | | | |
+ | tf_select | {1, 1}/2 | Section 4.3.1 |
+ | | | |
+ | spread | {7, 2, 21, 2}/32 | |
+ | | | |
+ | dyn. alloc. | Section 4.3.3 | |
+ | | | |
+ | alloc. trim | {2, 2, 5, 10, 22, 46, 22, 10, 5, | |
+ | | 2, 2}/128 | |
+ | | | |
+ | skip | {1, 1}/2 | Section 4.3.3 |
+ | | | |
+ | intensity | uniform | Section 4.3.3 |
+ | | | |
+ | dual | {1, 1}/2 | |
+ | | | |
+ | fine energy | Section 4.3.2 | |
+ | | | |
+ | residual | Section 4.3.4 | |
+ | | | |
+ | anti-collapse | {1, 1}/2 | Section 4.3.5 |
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ | finalize | Section 4.3.2 | |
+ +---------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+
+
+ Order of the symbols in the CELT section of the bit-stream.
+
+ Table 45
+
+ The decoder extracts information from the range-coded bit-stream in
+ the order described in the figure above. In some circumstances, it
+ is possible for a decoded value to be out of range due to a very
+ small amount of redundancy in the encoding of large integers by the
+ range coder. In that case, the decoder should assume there has been
+ an error in the coding, decoding, or transmission and SHOULD take
+ measures to conceal the error and/or report to the application that a
+ problem has occurred.
+
+4.3.1. Transient Decoding
+
+ The "transient" flag encoded in the bit-stream has a probability of
+ 1/8. When it is set, then the MDCT coefficients represent multiple
+ short MDCTs in the frame. When not set, the coefficients represent a
+ single long MDCT for the frame. In addition to the global transient
+ flag is a per-band binary flag to change the time-frequency (tf)
+ resolution independently in each band. The change in tf resolution
+ is defined in tf_select_table[][] in celt.c and depends on the frame
+ size, whether the transient flag is set, and the value of tf_select.
+ The tf_select flag uses a 1/2 probability, but is only decoded if it
+ can have an impact on the result knowing the value of all per-band
+ tf_change flags.
+
+4.3.2. Energy Envelope Decoding
+
+ It is important to quantize the energy with sufficient resolution
+ because any energy quantization error cannot be compensated for at a
+ later stage. Regardless of the resolution used for encoding the
+ shape of a band, it is perceptually important to preserve the energy
+ in each band. CELT uses a three-step coarse-fine-fine strategy for
+ encoding the energy in the base-2 log domain, as implemented in
+ quant_bands.c
+
+4.3.2.1. Coarse energy decoding
+
+ Coarse quantization of the energy uses a fixed resolution of 6 dB
+ (integer part of base-2 log). To minimize the bitrate, prediction is
+ applied both in time (using the previous frame) and in frequency
+ (using the previous bands). The part of the prediction that is based
+ on the previous frame can be disabled, creating an "intra" frame
+ where the energy is coded without reference to prior frames. The
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ decoder first reads the intra flag to determine what prediction is
+ used. The 2-D z-transform of the prediction filter is:
+
+ -1 -1
+ (1 - alpha*z_l )*(1 - z_b )
+ A(z_l, z_b) = -----------------------------
+ -1
+ 1 - beta*z_b
+
+ where b is the band index and l is the frame index. The prediction
+ coefficients applied depend on the frame size in use when not using
+ intra energy and are alpha=0, beta=4915/32768 when using intra
+ energy. The time-domain prediction is based on the final fine
+ quantization of the previous frame, while the frequency domain
+ (within the current frame) prediction is based on coarse quantization
+ only (because the fine quantization has not been computed yet). The
+ prediction is clamped internally so that fixed point implementations
+ with limited dynamic range do not suffer desynchronization. We
+ approximate the ideal probability distribution of the prediction
+ error using a Laplace distribution with separate parameters for each
+ frame size in intra and inter-frame modes. The coarse energy
+ quantization is performed by unquant_coarse_energy() and
+ unquant_coarse_energy_impl() (quant_bands.c). The encoding of the
+ Laplace-distributed values is implemented in ec_laplace_decode()
+ (laplace.c).
+
+4.3.2.2. Fine energy quantization
+
+ The number of bits assigned to fine energy quantization in each band
+ is determined by the bit allocation computation described in
+ Section 4.3.3. Let B_i be the number of fine energy bits for band i;
+ the refinement is an integer f in the range [0,2**B_i-1]. The
+ mapping between f and the correction applied to the coarse energy is
+ equal to (f+1/2)/2**B_i - 1/2. Fine energy quantization is
+ implemented in quant_fine_energy() (quant_bands.c).
+
+ When some bits are left "unused" after all other flags have been
+ decoded, these bits are assigned to a "final" step of fine
+ allocation. In effect, these bits are used to add one extra fine
+ energy bit per band per channel. The allocation process determines
+ two "priorities" for the final fine bits. Any remaining bits are
+ first assigned only to bands of priority 0, starting from band 0 and
+ going up. If all bands of priority 0 have received one bit per
+ channel, then bands of priority 1 are assigned an extra bit per
+ channel, starting from band 0. If any bit is left after this, they
+ are left unused. This is implemented in unquant_energy_finalise()
+ (quant_bands.c).
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+4.3.3. Bit allocation
+
+ Many codecs transmit significant amounts of side information for the
+ purpose of controlling bit allocation within a frame. Often this
+ side information controls bit usage indirectly and must be carefully
+ selected to achieve the desired rate constraints.
+
+ The band-energy normalized structure of Opus MDCT mode ensures that a
+ constant bit allocation for the shape content of a band will result
+ in a roughly constant tone to noise ratio, which provides for fairly
+ consistent perceptual performance. The effectiveness of this
+ approach is the result of two factors: The band energy, which is
+ understood to be perceptually important on its own, is always
+ preserved regardless of the shape precision and because the constant
+ tone-to-noise ratio implies a constant intra-band noise to masking
+ ratio. Intra-band masking is the strongest of the perceptual masking
+ effects. This structure means that the ideal allocation is more
+ consistent from frame to frame than it is for other codecs without an
+ equivalent structure.
+
+ Because the bit allocation is used to drive the decoding of the
+ range-coder stream it MUST be recovered exactly so that identical
+ coding decisions are made in the encoder and decoder. Any deviation
+ from the reference's resulting bit allocation will result in
+ corrupted output, though implementers are free to implement the
+ procedure in any way which produces identical results.
+
+ Because all of the information required to decode a frame must be
+ derived from that frame alone in order to retain robustness to packet
+ loss the overhead of explicitly signaling the allocation would be
+ considerable, especially for low-latency (small frame size)
+ applications, even though the allocation is relatively static.
+
+ For this reason, in the MDCT mode Opus uses a primarily implicit bit
+ allocation. The available bit-stream capacity is known in advance to
+ both the encoder and decoder without additional signaling, ultimately
+ from the packet sizes expressed by a higher level protocol. Using
+ this information the codec interpolates an allocation from a hard-
+ coded table.
+
+ While the band-energy structure effectively models intra-band
+ masking, it ignores the weaker inter-band masking, band-temporal
+ masking, and other less significant perceptual effects. While these
+ effects can often be ignored they can become significant for
+ particular samples. One mechanism available to encoders would be to
+ simply increase the overall rate for these frames, but this is not
+ possible in a constant rate mode and can be fairly inefficient. As a
+ result three explicitly signaled mechanisms are provided to alter the
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ implicit allocation:
+
+ o Band boost
+
+ o Allocation trim
+
+ o band skipping
+
+ The first of these mechanisms, band boost, allows an encoder to boost
+ the allocation in specific bands. The second, allocation trim, works
+ by biasing the overall allocation towards higher or lower frequency
+ bands. The third, band skipping, selects which low-precision high
+ frequency bands will be allocated no shape bits at all.
+
+ In stereo mode there are also two additional parameters potentially
+ coded as part of the allocation procedure: a parameter to allow the
+ selective elimination of allocation for the 'side' in jointly coded
+ bands, and a flag to deactivate joint coding. These values are not
+ signaled if they would be meaningless in the overall context of the
+ allocation.
+
+ Because every signaled adjustment increases overhead and
+ implementation complexity none were included speculatively: The
+ reference encoder makes use of all of these mechanisms. While the
+ decision logic in the reference was found to be effective enough to
+ justify the overhead and complexity further analysis techniques may
+ be discovered which increase the effectiveness of these parameters.
+ As with other signaled parameters, encoder is free to choose the
+ values in any manner but unless a technique is known to deliver
+ superior perceptual results the methods used by the reference
+ implementation should be used.
+
+ The process of allocation consists of the following steps:
+ determining the per-band maximum allocation vector, decoding the
+ boosts, decoding the tilt, determining the remaining capacity the
+ frame, searching the mode table for the entry nearest but not
+ exceeding the available space (subject to the tilt, boosts, band
+ maximums, and band minimums), linear interpolation, reallocation of
+ unused bits with concurrent skip decoding, determination of the fine-
+ energy vs shape split, and final reallocation. This process results
+ in an shape allocation per-band (in 1/8th bit units), a per-band
+ fine-energy allocation (in 1 bit per channel units), a set of band
+ priorities for controlling the use of remaining bits at the end of
+ the frame, and a remaining balance of unallocated space which is
+ usually zero except at very high rates.
+
+ The maximum allocation vector is an approximation of the maximum
+ space which can be used by each band for a given mode. The value is
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ approximate because the shape encoding is variable rate (due to
+ entropy coding of splitting parameters). Setting the maximum too low
+ reduces the maximum achievable quality in a band while setting it too
+ high may result in waste: bit-stream capacity available at the end of
+ the frame which can not be put to any use. The maximums specified by
+ the codec reflect the average maximum. In the reference the maximums
+ are provided partially computed form, in order to fit in less memory,
+ as a static table (XXX cache.caps). Implementations are expected to
+ simply use the same table data but the procedure for generating this
+ table is included in rate.c as part of compute_pulse_cache().
+
+ To convert the values in cache.caps into the actual maximums: First
+ set nbBands to the maximum number of bands for this mode and stereo
+ to zero if stereo is not in use and one otherwise. For each band
+ assign N to the number of MDCT bins covered by the band (for one
+ channel), set LM to the shift value for the frame size (e.g. 0 for
+ 120, 1 for 240, 3 for 480) then set i to nbBands*(2*LM+stereo). Then
+ set the maximum for the band to the i-th index of cache.caps + 64 and
+ multiply by the number of channels in the current frame (one or two)
+ and by N then divide the result by 4 using truncating integer
+ division. The resulting vector will be called cap[]. The elements
+ fit in signed 16 bit integers but do not fit in 8 bits. This
+ procedure is implemented in the reference in the function init_caps()
+ in celt.c.
+
+ The band boosts are represented by a series of binary symbols which
+ are coded with very low probability. Each band can potentially be
+ boosted multiple times, subject to the frame actually having enough
+ room to obey the boost and having enough room to code the boost
+ symbol. The default coding cost for a boost starts out at six bits,
+ but subsequent boosts in a band cost only a single bit and every time
+ a band is boosted the initial cost is reduced (down to a minimum of
+ two). Since the initial cost of coding a boost is 6 bits the coding
+ cost of the boost symbols when completely unused is 0.48 bits/frame
+ for a 21 band mode (21*-log2(1-1/2**6)).
+
+ To decode the band boosts: First set 'dynalloc_logp' to 6, the
+ initial amount of storage required to signal a boost in bits,
+ 'total_bits' to the size of the frame in 8th-bits, 'total_boost' to
+ zero, and 'tell' to the total number of 8th bits decoded so far. For
+ each band from the coding start (0 normally, but 17 in hybrid mode)
+ to the coding end (which changes depending on the signaled
+ bandwidth): Set 'width' to the number of MDCT bins in this band for
+ all channels. Take the larger of width and 64, then the minimum of
+ that value and the width times eight and set 'quanta' to the result.
+ This represents a boost step size of six bits subject to limits of
+ 1/bit/sample and 1/8th bit/sample. Set 'boost' to zero and
+ 'dynalloc_loop_logp' to dynalloc_logp. While dynalloc_loop_log (the
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ current worst case symbol cost) in 8th bits plus tell is less than
+ total_bits plus total_boost and boost is less than cap[] for this
+ band: Decode a bit from the bitstream with a with dynalloc_loop_logp
+ as the cost of a one, update tell to reflect the current used
+ capacity, if the decoded value is zero break the loop otherwise add
+ quanta to boost and total_boost, subtract quanta from total_bits, and
+ set dynalloc_loop_log to 1. When the while loop finishes boost
+ contains the boost for this band. If boost is non-zero and
+ dynalloc_logp is greater than 2 decrease dynalloc_logp. Once this
+ process has been execute on all bands the band boosts have been
+ decoded. This procedure is implemented around line 2352 of celt.c.
+
+ At very low rates it's possible that there won't be enough available
+ space to execute the inner loop even once. In these cases band boost
+ is not possible but its overhead is completely eliminated. Because
+ of the high cost of band boost when activated a reasonable encoder
+ should not be using it at very low rates. The reference implements
+ its dynalloc decision logic at around 1269 of celt.c
+
+ The allocation trim is a integer value from 0-10. The default value
+ of 5 indicates no trim. The trim parameter is entropy coded in order
+ to lower the coding cost of less extreme adjustments. Values lower
+ than 5 bias the allocation towards lower frequencies and values above
+ 5 bias it towards higher frequencies. Like other signaled
+ parameters, signaling of the trim is gated so that it is not included
+ if there is insufficient space available in the bitstream. To decode
+ the trim first set the trim value to 5 then iff the count of decoded
+ 8th bits so far (ec_tell_frac) plus 48 (6 bits) is less than or equal
+ to the total frame size in 8th bits minus total_boost (a product of
+ the above band boost procedure) then decode the trim value using the
+ inverse CDF {127, 126, 124, 119, 109, 87, 41, 19, 9, 4, 2, 0}.
+
+ Stereo parameters
+
+ Anti-collapse reservation
+
+ The allocation computation first begins by setting up some initial
+ conditions. 'total' is set to the available remaining 8th bits,
+ computed by taking the size of the coded frame times 8 and
+ subtracting ec_tell_frac(). From this value one (8th bit) is
+ subtracted to assure that the resulting allocation will be
+ conservative. 'anti_collapse_rsv' is set to 8 (8th bits) iff the
+ frame is a transient, LM is greater than 1, and total is greater than
+ or equal to (LM+2) * 8. Total is then decremented by
+ anti_collapse_rsv and clamped to be equal to or greater than zero.
+ 'skip_rsv' is set to 8 (8th bits) if total is greater than 8,
+ otherwise it is zero. Total is then decremented by skip_rsv. This
+ reserves space for the final skipping flag.
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ If the current frame is stereo intensity_rsv is set to the
+ conservative log2 in 8th bits of the number of coded bands for this
+ frame (given by the table LOG2_FRAC_TABLE). If intensity_rsv is
+ greater than total then intensity_rsv is set to zero otherwise total
+ is decremented by intensity_rsv, and if total is still greater than 8
+ dual_stereo_rsv is set to 8 and total is decremented by
+ dual_stereo_rsv.
+
+ The allocation process then computes a vector representing the hard
+ minimum amounts allocation any band will receive for shape. This
+ minimum is higher than the technical limit of the PVQ process, but
+ very low rate allocations produce excessively an sparse spectrum and
+ these bands are better served by having no allocation at all. For
+ each coded band set thresh[band] to twenty-four times the number of
+ MDCT bins in the band and divide by 16. If 8 times the number of
+ channels is greater, use that instead. This sets the minimum
+ allocation to one bit per channel or 48 128th bits per MDCT bin,
+ whichever is greater. The band size dependent part of this value is
+ not scaled by the channel count because at the very low rates where
+ this limit is applicable there will usually be no bits allocated to
+ the side.
+
+ The previously decoded allocation trim is used to derive a vector of
+ per-band adjustments, 'trim_offsets[]'. For each coded band take the
+ alloc_trim and subtract 5 and LM then multiply the result by number
+ of channels, the number MDCT bins in the shortest frame size for this
+ mode, the number remaining bands, 2**LM, and 8. Then divide this
+ value by 64. Finally, if the number of MDCT bins in the band per
+ channel is only one 8 times the number of channels is subtracted in
+ order to diminish the allocation by one bit because width 1 bands
+ receive greater benefit from the coarse energy coding.
+
+4.3.4. Shape Decoder
+
+ In each band, the normalized "shape" is encoded using a vector
+ quantization scheme called a "Pyramid vector quantizer".
+
+ In the simplest case, the number of bits allocated in Section 4.3.3
+ is converted to a number of pulses as described by Section 4.3.4.1.
+ Knowing the number of pulses and the number of samples in the band,
+ the decoder calculates the size of the codebook as detailed in
+ Section 4.3.4.2. The size is used to decode an unsigned integer
+ (uniform probability model), which is the codeword index. This index
+ is converted into the corresponding vector as explained in
+ Section 4.3.4.2. This vector is then scaled to unit norm.
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+4.3.4.1. Bits to Pulses
+
+ Although the allocation is performed in 1/8th bit units, the
+ quantization requires an integer number of pulses K. To do this, the
+ encoder searches for the value of K that produces the number of bits
+ that is the nearest to the allocated value (rounding down if exactly
+ half-way between two values), subject to not exceeding the total
+ number of bits available. For efficiency reasons the search is
+ performed against a precomputed allocation table which only permits
+ some K values for each N. The number of codebooks entries can be
+ computed as explained in Section 5.3.5.2. The difference between the
+ number of bits allocated and the number of bits used is accumulated
+ to a "balance" (initialized to zero) that helps adjusting the
+ allocation for the next bands. One third of the balance is applied
+ to the bit allocation of the each band to help achieving the target
+ allocation. The only exceptions are the band before the last and the
+ last band, for which half the balance and the whole balance are
+ applied, respectively.
+
+4.3.4.2. Index Decoding
+
+ The codeword is decoded as a uniformly-distributed integer value by
+ decode_pulses() (cwrs.c). The codeword is converted from a unique
+ index in the same way as specified in [PVQ]. The indexing is based
+ on the calculation of V(N,K) (denoted N(L,K) in [PVQ]), which is the
+ number of possible combinations of K pulses in N samples. The number
+ of combinations can be computed recursively as V(N,K) = V(N-1,K) +
+ V(N,K-1) + V(N-1,K-1), with V(N,0) = 1 and V(0,K) = 0, K != 0. There
+ are many different ways to compute V(N,K), including pre-computed
+ tables and direct use of the recursive formulation. The reference
+ implementation applies the recursive formulation one line (or column)
+ at a time to save on memory use, along with an alternate, univariate
+ recurrence to initialize an arbitrary line, and direct polynomial
+ solutions for small N. All of these methods are equivalent, and have
+ different trade-offs in speed, memory usage, and code size.
+ Implementations MAY use any methods they like, as long as they are
+ equivalent to the mathematical definition.
+
+ The decoding of the codeword from the index is performed as specified
+ in [PVQ], as implemented in function decode_pulses() (cwrs.c).
+
+4.3.4.3. Spreading
+
+4.3.4.4. Split decoding
+
+ To avoid the need for multi-precision calculations when decoding PVQ
+ codevectors, the maximum size allowed for codebooks is 32 bits. When
+ larger codebooks are needed, the vector is instead split in two sub-
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ vectors of size N/2. A quantized gain parameter with precision
+ derived from the current allocation is entropy coded to represent the
+ relative gains of each side of the split and the entire decoding
+ process is recursively applied. Multiple levels of splitting may be
+ applied up to a frame size dependent limit. The same recursive
+ mechanism is applied for the joint coding of stereo audio.
+
+4.3.4.5. Time-Frequency change
+
+4.3.5. Anti-collapse processing
+
+ When the frame has the transient bit set, an anti-collapse bit is
+ decoded. When anti-collapse is set, then the energy in each small
+ MDCT is prevented from collapsing to zero. For each band of each
+ MDCT where a collapse is detected, a pseudo-random signal is inserted
+ with an energy corresponding to the min energy over the two previous
+ frames. A renormalization step is then required to ensure that the
+ anti-collapse step did not alter the energy preservation property.
+
+4.3.6. Denormalization
+
+ Just like each band was normalized in the encoder, the last step of
+ the decoder before the inverse MDCT is to denormalize the bands.
+ Each decoded normalized band is multiplied by the square root of the
+ decoded energy. This is done by denormalise_bands() (bands.c).
+
+4.3.7. Inverse MDCT
+
+ The inverse MDCT implementation has no special characteristics. The
+ input is N frequency-domain samples and the output is 2*N time-domain
+ samples, while scaling by 1/2. The output is windowed using the same
+ window as the encoder. The IMDCT and windowing are performed by
+ mdct_backward (mdct.c). If a time-domain pre-emphasis window was
+ applied in the encoder, the (inverse) time-domain de-emphasis window
+ is applied on the IMDCT result.
+
+4.3.7.1. Post-filter
+
+ The output of the inverse MDCT (after weighted overlap-add) is sent
+ to the post-filter. Although the post-filter is applied at the end,
+ the post-filter parameters are encoded at the beginning, just after
+ the silence flag. The post-filter can be switched on or off using
+ one bit (logp=1). If the post-filter is enabled, then the octave is
+ decoded as an integer value between 0 and 6 of uniform probability.
+ Once the octave is known, the fine pitch within the octave is decoded
+ using 4+octave raw bits. The final pitch period is equal to
+ (16<<octave)+fine_pitch-1 so it is bounded between 15 and 1022,
+ inclusively. Next, the gain is decoded as three raw bits and is
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ equal to G=3*(int_gain+1)/32. The set of post-filter taps is decoded
+ last using a pdf equal to {2, 1, 1}/4. Tapset zero corresponds to
+ the filter coefficients g0 = 0.3066406250, g1 = 0.2170410156, g2 =
+ 0.1296386719. Tapset one corresponds to the filter coefficients g0 =
+ 0.4638671875, g1 = 0.2680664062, g2 = 0, and tapset two uses filter
+ coefficients g0 = 0.7998046875, g1 = 0.1000976562, g2 = 0.
+
+ The post-filter response is thus computed as:
+
+
+ y(n) = x(n) + G*(g0*y(n-T) + g1*(y(n-T+1)+y(n-T+1))
+ + g2*(y(n-T+2)+y(n-T+2)))
+
+
+ During a transition between different gains, a smooth transition is
+ calculated using the square of the MDCT window. It is important that
+ values of y(n) be interpolated one at a time such that the past value
+ of y(n) used is interpolated.
+
+4.3.7.2. De-emphasis
+
+ After the post-filter, the signal is de-emphasized using the inverse
+ of the pre-emphasis filter used in the encoder:
+
+ 1 1
+ ---- = --------------- ,
+ A(z) -1
+ 1 - alpha_p*z
+
+ where alpha_p=0.8500061035.
+
+4.3.8. Packet Loss Concealment (PLC)
+
+ Packet loss concealment (PLC) is an optional decoder-side feature
+ which SHOULD be included when transmitting over an unreliable
+ channel. Because PLC is not part of the bit-stream, there are
+ several possible ways to implement PLC with different complexity/
+ quality trade-offs. The PLC in the reference implementation finds a
+ periodicity in the decoded signal and repeats the windowed waveform
+ using the pitch offset. The windowed waveform is overlapped in such
+ a way as to preserve the time-domain aliasing cancellation with the
+ previous frame and the next frame. This is implemented in
+ celt_decode_lost() (mdct.c).
+
+4.4. Mode Switching
+
+ Switching between the Opus coding modes requires careful
+ consideration. More specifically, the transitions that cannot be
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ easily handled are the ones where the lower frequencies have to
+ switch between the SILK LP-based model and the CELT transform model.
+ If nothing is done, a glitch will occur for these transitions. On
+ the other hand, switching between the SILK-only modes and the hybrid
+ mode does not require any special treatment.
+
+ There are two ways to avoid or reduce glitches during the problematic
+ mode transitions: with, or without side information. Only
+ transitions with side information are normatively specified. For
+ transitions with no side information, it is RECOMMENDED for the
+ decoder to use a concealment technique (e.g. make use of the PLC
+ algorithm) to "fill in" the gap or the discontinuity caused by the
+ mode transition. Note that this concealment MUST NOT be applied when
+ switching between the SILK mode and the hybrid mode or vice versa.
+ Similarly, it MUST NOT be applied when merely changing the bandwidth
+ within the same mode.
+
+4.4.1. Switching Side Information
+
+ Switching with side information involves transmitting in-band a 5-ms
+ "redundant" CELT frame within the Opus frame. This frame is designed
+ to fill-in the gap or discontinuity without requiring the decoder to
+ conceal it. For transitions from a CELT-only frame to a SILK-only or
+ hybrid frame, the redundant frame is inserted in the frame following
+ the transition (i.e. the SILK-only/hybrid frame). For transitions
+ from a SILK-only/hybrid frame to a CELT-only frame, the redundant
+ frame is inserted in the first frame. For all SILK-only and hybrid
+ frames (not only those involved in a mode transition), a binary
+ symbol of probability 2^-12 needs to be decoded just after the SILK
+ part of the bit-stream. When the symbol value is 1, then the frame
+ includes an embedded redundant frame. The redundant frame always
+ starts and ends on byte boundaries. For SILK-only frames, the number
+ of bytes is simply the number of whole remaining bytes. For hybrid
+ frames, the number of bytes is equal to 2, plus a decoded unsigned
+ integer (ec_dec_uint()) between 0 and 255. For hybrid frames, the
+ redundant frame is placed at the end of the frame, after the CELT
+ layer of the hybrid frame. The redundant frame is decoded like any
+ other CELT-only frame, with the exception that it does not contain a
+ TOC byte. The bandwidth is instead set to the same bandwidth of the
+ current frame (for mediumband frames, the redundant frame is set to
+ wideband).
+
+ For CELT-only to SILK-only/hybrid transitions, the first 2.5 ms of
+ the redundant frame is used as-is for the reconstructed output. The
+ remaining 2.5 ms is overlapped and added (cross-faded using the
+ square of the MDCT power-complementary window) to the decoded SILK/
+ hybrid signal, ensuring a smooth transition. For SILK-only/hyrid to
+ CELT-only transitions, only the second half of the 5-ms decoded
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ redundant frame is used. In that case, only a 2.5-ms cross-fade is
+ applied, still using the power-complementary window.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+5. Codec Encoder
+
+ Opus encoder block diagram.
+
+
+ +----------+ +-------+
+ | sample | | SILK |
+ +->| rate |--->|encoder|--+
+ | |conversion| | | |
+ audio | +----------+ +-------+ | +-------+
+ ------+ +--->| Range |
+ | +-------+ |encoder|---->
+ | | CELT | +--->| | bit-stream
+ +->|encoder|------------------+ +-------+
+ | |
+ +-------+
+
+
+5.1. Range Coder
+
+ The range coder also acts as the bit-packer for Opus. It is used in
+ three different ways, to encode:
+
+ o entropy-coded symbols with a fixed probability model using
+ ec_encode(), (entenc.c)
+
+ o integers from 0 to 2**M-1 using ec_enc_uint() or ec_enc_bits(),
+ (entenc.c)
+
+ o integers from 0 to N-1 (where N is not a power of two) using
+ ec_enc_uint(). (entenc.c)
+
+ The range encoder maintains an internal state vector composed of the
+ four-tuple (low,rng,rem,ext), representing the low end of the current
+ range, the size of the current range, a single buffered output octet,
+ and a count of additional carry-propagating output octets. Both rng
+ and low are 32-bit unsigned integer values, rem is an octet value or
+ the special value -1, and ext is an integer with at least 16 bits.
+ This state vector is initialized at the start of each each frame to
+ the value (0,2**31,-1,0). The reference implementation re-uses the
+ 'val' field of the entropy coder structure to hold low, in order to
+ allow the same structure to be used for encoding and decoding, but we
+ maintain the distinction here for clarity.
+
+5.1.1. Encoding Symbols
+
+ The main encoding function is ec_encode() (entenc.c), which takes as
+ an argument a three-tuple (fl,fh,ft) describing the range of the
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ symbol to be encoded in the current context, with 0 <= fl < fh <= ft
+ <= 65535. The values of this tuple are derived from the probability
+ model for the symbol. Let f(i) be the frequency of the i'th symbol
+ in the current context. Then the three-tuple corresponding to the
+ k'th symbol is given by fl=sum(f(i),i<k), fh=fl+f(i), and
+ ft=sum(f(i)).
+
+ ec_encode() updates the state of the encoder as follows. If fl is
+ greater than zero, then low = low + rng - (rng/ft)*(ft-fl) and rng =
+ (rng/ft)*(fh-fl). Otherwise, low is unchanged and rng = rng - (rng/
+ ft)*(fh-fl). The divisions here are exact integer division. After
+ this update, the range is normalized.
+
+ To normalize the range, the following process is repeated until rng >
+ 2**23. First, the top 9 bits of low, (low>>23), are placed into a
+ carry buffer. Then, low is set to (low << 8 & 0x7FFFFFFF) and rng is
+ set to (rng<<8). This process is carried out by ec_enc_normalize()
+ (entenc.c).
+
+ The 9 bits produced in each iteration of the normalization loop
+ consist of 8 data bits and a carry flag. The final value of the
+ output bits is not determined until carry propagation is accounted
+ for. Therefore the reference implementation buffers a single (non-
+ propagating) output octet and keeps a count of additional propagating
+ (0xFF) output octets. An implementation MAY choose to use any
+ mathematically equivalent scheme to perform carry propagation.
+
+ The function ec_enc_carry_out() (entenc.c) performs this buffering.
+ It takes a 9-bit input value, c, from the normalization: 8 bits of
+ output and a carry bit. If c is 0xFF, then ext is incremented and no
+ octets are output. Otherwise, if rem is not the special value -1,
+ then the octet (rem+(c>>8)) is output. Then ext octets are output
+ with the value 0 if the carry bit is set, or 0xFF if it is not, and
+ rem is set to the lower 8 bits of c. After this, ext is set to zero.
+
+ In the reference implementation, a special version of ec_encode()
+ called ec_encode_bin() (entenc.c) is defined to take a two-tuple
+ (fl,ftb), where 0 <= fl < 2**ftb and ftb < 16. It is mathematically
+ equivalent to calling ec_encode() with the three-tuple (fl,fl+
+ 1,1<<ftb), but avoids using division.
+
+5.1.2. Encoding Raw Bits
+
+ The CELT layer also allows directly encoding a series of raw bits,
+ outside of the range coder, implemented in ec_enc_bits() (entenc.c).
+ The raw bits are packed at the end of the packet, starting by storing
+ the least significant bit of the value to be packed in the least
+ significant bit of the last byte, filling up to the most significant
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ bit in the last byte, and the continuing in the least significant bit
+ of the penultimate byte, and so on. This packing may continue into
+ the last byte output by the range coder, though the format should
+ render it impossible to overwrite any set bit produced by the range
+ coder when the procedure in Section 5.1.4 is followed to finalize the
+ stream.
+
+5.1.3. Encoding Uniformly Distributed Integers
+
+ The function ec_enc_uint() is based on ec_encode() and encodes one of
+ N equiprobable symbols, each with a frequency of 1, where N may be as
+ large as 2**32-1. Because ec_encode() is limited to a total
+ frequency of 2**16-1, this is done by encoding a series of symbols in
+ smaller contexts.
+
+ ec_enc_uint() (entenc.c) takes a two-tuple (fl,ft), where ft is not
+ necessarily a power of two. Let ftb be the location of the highest 1
+ bit in the two's-complement representation of (ft-1), or -1 if no
+ bits are set. If ftb>8, then the top 8 bits of fl are encoded using
+ ec_encode() with the three-tuple (fl>>ftb-8,(fl>>ftb-8)+
+ 1,(ft-1>>ftb-8)+1), and the remaining bits are encoded as raw bits.
+ Otherwise, fl is encoded with ec_encode() directly using the three-
+ tuple (fl,fl+1,ft).
+
+5.1.4. Finalizing the Stream
+
+ After all symbols are encoded, the stream must be finalized by
+ outputting a value inside the current range. Let end be the integer
+ in the interval [low,low+rng) with the largest number of trailing
+ zero bits, b, such that end+(1<<b)-1 is also in the interval
+ [low,low+rng). Then while end is not zero, the top 9 bits of end,
+ e.g., (end>>23), are sent to the carry buffer, and end is replaced by
+ (end<<8&0x7FFFFFFF). Finally, if the value in carry buffer, rem, is
+ neither zero nor the special value -1, or the carry count, ext, is
+ greater than zero, then 9 zero bits are sent to the carry buffer.
+ After the carry buffer is finished outputting octets, the rest of the
+ output buffer (if any) is padded with zero bits, until it reaches the
+ raw bits. Finally, rem is set to the special value -1. This process
+ is implemented by ec_enc_done() (entenc.c).
+
+5.1.5. Current Bit Usage
+
+ The bit allocation routines in Opus need to be able to determine a
+ conservative upper bound on the number of bits that have been used to
+ encode the current frame thus far. This drives allocation decisions
+ and ensures that the range coder and raw bits will not overflow the
+ output buffer. This is computed in the reference implementation to
+ whole-bit precision by the function ec_tell() (entcode.h) and to
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ fractional 1/8th bit precision by the function ec_tell_frac()
+ (entcode.c). Like all operations in the range coder, it must be
+ implemented in a bit-exact manner, and must produce exactly the same
+ value returned by the same functions in the decoder after decoding
+ the same symbols.
+
+5.2. SILK Encoder
+
+ In the following, we focus on the core encoder and describe its
+ components. For simplicity, we will refer to the core encoder simply
+ as the encoder in the remainder of this document. An overview of the
+ encoder is given in Figure 11.
+
+
+ +---+
+ +----------------------------->| |
+ +---------+ | +---------+ | |
+ |Voice | | |LTP | | |
+ +----->|Activity |-----+ +---->|Scaling |---------+--->| |
+ | |Detector | 3 | | |Control |<+ 12 | | |
+ | +---------+ | | +---------+ | | | |
+ | | | +---------+ | | | |
+ | | | |Gains | | 11 | | |
+ | | | +->|Processor|-|---+---|--->| R |
+ | | | | | | | | | | a |
+ | \/ | | +---------+ | | | | n |
+ | +---------+ | | +---------+ | | | | g |
+ | |Pitch | | | |LSF | | | | | e |
+ | +->|Analysis |-+ | |Quantizer|-|---|---|--->| |
+ | | | |4| | | | | 8 | | | E |->
+ | | +---------+ | | +---------+ | | | | n |14
+ | | | | 9/\ 10| | | | | c |
+ | | | | | \/ | | | | o |
+ | | +---------+ | | +----------+| | | | d |
+ | | |Noise | +--|->|Prediction|+---|---|--->| e |
+ | +->|Shaping |-|--+ |Analysis || 7 | | | r |
+ | | |Analysis |5| | | || | | | |
+ | | +---------+ | | +----------+| | | | |
+ | | | | /\ | | | | |
+ | | +---------|--|-------+ | | | | |
+ | | | \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ | |
+ | +---------+ | | +---------+ +------------+ | |
+ | |High-Pass| | | | | |Noise | | |
+ -+->|Filter |-+----+----->|Prefilter|------>|Shaping |->| |
+ 1 | | 2 | | 6 |Quantization|13| |
+ +---------+ +---------+ +------------+ +---+
+
+ 1: Input speech signal
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ 2: High passed input signal
+ 3: Voice activity estimate
+ 4: Pitch lags (per 5 ms) and voicing decision (per 20 ms)
+ 5: Noise shaping quantization coefficients
+ - Short term synthesis and analysis
+ noise shaping coefficients (per 5 ms)
+ - Long term synthesis and analysis noise
+ shaping coefficients (per 5 ms and for voiced speech only)
+ - Noise shaping tilt (per 5 ms)
+ - Quantizer gain/step size (per 5 ms)
+ 6: Input signal filtered with analysis noise shaping filters
+ 7: Short and long term prediction coefficients
+ LTP (per 5 ms) and LPC (per 20 ms)
+ 8: LSF quantization indices
+ 9: LSF coefficients
+ 10: Quantized LSF coefficients
+ 11: Processed gains, and synthesis noise shape coefficients
+ 12: LTP state scaling coefficient. Controlling error propagation
+ / prediction gain trade-off
+ 13: Quantized signal
+ 14: Range encoded bitstream
+
+
+
+ Encoder block diagram.
+
+ Figure 11
+
+5.2.1. Voice Activity Detection
+
+ The input signal is processed by a VAD (Voice Activity Detector) to
+ produce a measure of voice activity, and also spectral tilt and
+ signal-to-noise estimates, for each frame. The VAD uses a sequence
+ of half-band filterbanks to split the signal in four subbands: 0 -
+ Fs/16, Fs/16 - Fs/8, Fs/8 - Fs/4, and Fs/4 - Fs/2, where Fs is the
+ sampling frequency, that is, 8, 12, 16, or 24 kHz. The lowest
+ subband, from 0 - Fs/16 is high-pass filtered with a first-order MA
+ (Moving Average) filter (with transfer function H(z) = 1-z**(-1)) to
+ reduce the energy at the lowest frequencies. For each frame, the
+ signal energy per subband is computed. In each subband, a noise
+ level estimator tracks the background noise level and an SNR (Signal-
+ to-Noise Ratio) value is computed as the logarithm of the ratio of
+ energy to noise level. Using these intermediate variables, the
+ following parameters are calculated for use in other SILK modules:
+
+ o Average SNR. The average of the subband SNR values.
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ o Smoothed subband SNRs. Temporally smoothed subband SNR values.
+
+ o Speech activity level. Based on the average SNR and a weighted
+ average of the subband energies.
+
+ o Spectral tilt. A weighted average of the subband SNRs, with
+ positive weights for the low subbands and negative weights for the
+ high subbands.
+
+5.2.2. High-Pass Filter
+
+ The input signal is filtered by a high-pass filter to remove the
+ lowest part of the spectrum that contains little speech energy and
+ may contain background noise. This is a second order ARMA (Auto
+ Regressive Moving Average) filter with a cut-off frequency around
+ 70 Hz.
+
+ In the future, a music detector may also be used to lower the cut-off
+ frequency when the input signal is detected to be music rather than
+ speech.
+
+5.2.3. Pitch Analysis
+
+ The high-passed input signal is processed by the open loop pitch
+ estimator shown in Figure 12.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ +--------+ +----------+
+ |2 x Down| |Time- |
+ +->|sampling|->|Correlator| |
+ | | | | | |4
+ | +--------+ +----------+ \/
+ | | 2 +-------+
+ | | +-->|Speech |5
+ +---------+ +--------+ | \/ | |Type |->
+ |LPC | |Down | | +----------+ | |
+ +->|Analysis | +->|sample |-+------------->|Time- | +-------+
+ | | | | |to 8 kHz| |Correlator|----------->
+ | +---------+ | +--------+ |__________| 6
+ | | | |3
+ | \/ | \/
+ | +---------+ | +----------+
+ | |Whitening| | |Time- |
+ -+->|Filter |-+--------------------------->|Correlator|----------->
+ 1 | | | | 7
+ +---------+ +----------+
+
+ 1: Input signal
+ 2: Lag candidates from stage 1
+ 3: Lag candidates from stage 2
+ 4: Correlation threshold
+ 5: Voiced/unvoiced flag
+ 6: Pitch correlation
+ 7: Pitch lags
+
+
+ Block diagram of the pitch estimator.
+
+ Figure 12
+
+ The pitch analysis finds a binary voiced/unvoiced classification,
+ and, for frames classified as voiced, four pitch lags per frame - one
+ for each 5 ms subframe - and a pitch correlation indicating the
+ periodicity of the signal. The input is first whitened using a
+ Linear Prediction (LP) whitening filter, where the coefficients are
+ computed through standard Linear Prediction Coding (LPC) analysis.
+ The order of the whitening filter is 16 for best results, but is
+ reduced to 12 for medium complexity and 8 for low complexity modes.
+ The whitened signal is analyzed to find pitch lags for which the time
+ correlation is high. The analysis consists of three stages for
+ reducing the complexity:
+
+ o In the first stage, the whitened signal is downsampled to 4 kHz
+ (from 8 kHz) and the current frame is correlated to a signal
+ delayed by a range of lags, starting from a shortest lag
+
+
+
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+
+
+ corresponding to 500 Hz, to a longest lag corresponding to 56 Hz.
+
+ o The second stage operates on a 8 kHz signal ( downsampled from 12,
+ 16, or 24 kHz ) and measures time correlations only near the lags
+ corresponding to those that had sufficiently high correlations in
+ the first stage. The resulting correlations are adjusted for a
+ small bias towards short lags to avoid ending up with a multiple
+ of the true pitch lag. The highest adjusted correlation is
+ compared to a threshold depending on:
+
+ * Whether the previous frame was classified as voiced
+
+ * The speech activity level
+
+ * The spectral tilt.
+
+ If the threshold is exceeded, the current frame is classified as
+ voiced and the lag with the highest adjusted correlation is stored
+ for a final pitch analysis of the highest precision in the third
+ stage.
+
+ o The last stage operates directly on the whitened input signal to
+ compute time correlations for each of the four subframes
+ independently in a narrow range around the lag with highest
+ correlation from the second stage.
+
+5.2.4. Noise Shaping Analysis
+
+ The noise shaping analysis finds gains and filter coefficients used
+ in the prefilter and noise shaping quantizer. These parameters are
+ chosen such that they will fulfill several requirements:
+
+ o Balancing quantization noise and bitrate. The quantization gains
+ determine the step size between reconstruction levels of the
+ excitation signal. Therefore, increasing the quantization gain
+ amplifies quantization noise, but also reduces the bitrate by
+ lowering the entropy of the quantization indices.
+
+ o Spectral shaping of the quantization noise; the noise shaping
+ quantizer is capable of reducing quantization noise in some parts
+ of the spectrum at the cost of increased noise in other parts
+ without substantially changing the bitrate. By shaping the noise
+ such that it follows the signal spectrum, it becomes less audible.
+ In practice, best results are obtained by making the shape of the
+ noise spectrum slightly flatter than the signal spectrum.
+
+ o De-emphasizing spectral valleys; by using different coefficients
+ in the analysis and synthesis part of the prefilter and noise
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ shaping quantizer, the levels of the spectral valleys can be
+ decreased relative to the levels of the spectral peaks such as
+ speech formants and harmonics. This reduces the entropy of the
+ signal, which is the difference between the coded signal and the
+ quantization noise, thus lowering the bitrate.
+
+ o Matching the levels of the decoded speech formants to the levels
+ of the original speech formants; an adjustment gain and a first
+ order tilt coefficient are computed to compensate for the effect
+ of the noise shaping quantization on the level and spectral tilt.
+
+
+
+ / \ ___
+ | // \\
+ | // \\ ____
+ |_// \\___// \\ ____
+ | / ___ \ / \\ // \\
+ P |/ / \ \_/ \\_____// \\
+ o | / \ ____ \ / \\
+ w | / \___/ \ \___/ ____ \\___ 1
+ e |/ \ / \ \
+ r | \_____/ \ \__ 2
+ | \
+ | \___ 3
+ |
+ +---------------------------------------->
+ Frequency
+
+ 1: Input signal spectrum
+ 2: De-emphasized and level matched spectrum
+ 3: Quantization noise spectrum
+
+
+ Noise shaping and spectral de-emphasis illustration.
+
+ Figure 13
+
+ Figure 13 shows an example of an input signal spectrum (1). After
+ de-emphasis and level matching, the spectrum has deeper valleys (2).
+ The quantization noise spectrum (3) more or less follows the input
+ signal spectrum, while having slightly less pronounced peaks. The
+ entropy, which provides a lower bound on the bitrate for encoding the
+ excitation signal, is proportional to the area between the de-
+ emphasized spectrum (2) and the quantization noise spectrum (3).
+ Without de-emphasis, the entropy is proportional to the area between
+ input spectrum (1) and quantization noise (3) - clearly higher.
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ The transformation from input signal to de-emphasized signal can be
+ described as a filtering operation with a filter
+
+
+ -1 Wana(z)
+ H(z) = G * ( 1 - c_tilt * z ) * -------
+ Wsyn(z),
+
+
+ having an adjustment gain G, a first order tilt adjustment filter
+ with tilt coefficient c_tilt, and where
+
+
+ 16 d
+ __ -k -L __ -k
+ Wana(z) = (1 - \ (a_ana(k) * z )*(1 - z * \ b_ana(k) * z ),
+ /_ /_
+ k=1 k=-d
+
+
+ is the analysis part of the de-emphasis filter, consisting of the
+ short-term shaping filter with coefficients a_ana(k), and the long-
+ term shaping filter with coefficients b_ana(k) and pitch lag L. The
+ parameter d determines the number of long-term shaping filter taps.
+
+ Similarly, but without the tilt adjustment, the synthesis part can be
+ written as
+
+
+ 16 d
+ __ -k -L __ -k
+ Wsyn(z) = (1 - \ (a_syn(k) * z )*(1 - z * \ b_syn(k) * z ).
+ /_ /_
+ k=1 k=-d
+
+
+ All noise shaping parameters are computed and applied per subframe of
+ 5 milliseconds. First, an LPC analysis is performed on a windowed
+ signal block of 15 milliseconds. The signal block has a look-ahead
+ of 5 milliseconds relative to the current subframe, and the window is
+ an asymmetric sine window. The LPC analysis is done with the
+ autocorrelation method, with an order of 16 for best quality or 12 in
+ low complexity operation. The quantization gain is found as the
+ square-root of the residual energy from the LPC analysis, multiplied
+ by a value inversely proportional to the coding quality control
+ parameter and the pitch correlation.
+
+ Next we find the two sets of short-term noise shaping coefficients
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ a_ana(k) and a_syn(k), by applying different amounts of bandwidth
+ expansion to the coefficients found in the LPC analysis. This
+ bandwidth expansion moves the roots of the LPC polynomial towards the
+ origin, using the formulas
+
+
+ k
+ a_ana(k) = a(k)*g_ana , and
+
+ k
+ a_syn(k) = a(k)*g_syn ,
+
+
+ where a(k) is the k'th LPC coefficient and the bandwidth expansion
+ factors g_ana and g_syn are calculated as
+
+
+ g_ana = 0.94 - 0.02*C, and
+
+ g_syn = 0.94 + 0.02*C,
+
+
+ where C is the coding quality control parameter between 0 and 1.
+ Applying more bandwidth expansion to the analysis part than to the
+ synthesis part gives the desired de-emphasis of spectral valleys in
+ between formants.
+
+ The long-term shaping is applied only during voiced frames. It uses
+ three filter taps, described by
+
+
+ b_ana = F_ana * [0.25, 0.5, 0.25], and
+
+ b_syn = F_syn * [0.25, 0.5, 0.25].
+
+
+ For unvoiced frames these coefficients are set to 0. The
+ multiplication factors F_ana and F_syn are chosen between 0 and 1,
+ depending on the coding quality control parameter, as well as the
+ calculated pitch correlation and smoothed subband SNR of the lowest
+ subband. By having F_ana less than F_syn, the pitch harmonics are
+ emphasized relative to the valleys in between the harmonics.
+
+ The tilt coefficient c_tilt is for unvoiced frames chosen as
+
+
+ c_tilt = 0.4, and as
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ c_tilt = 0.04 + 0.06 * C
+
+
+ for voiced frames, where C again is the coding quality control
+ parameter and is between 0 and 1.
+
+ The adjustment gain G serves to correct any level mismatch between
+ original and decoded signal that might arise from the noise shaping
+ and de-emphasis. This gain is computed as the ratio of the
+ prediction gain of the short-term analysis and synthesis filter
+ coefficients. The prediction gain of an LPC synthesis filter is the
+ square-root of the output energy when the filter is excited by a
+ unit-energy impulse on the input. An efficient way to compute the
+ prediction gain is by first computing the reflection coefficients
+ from the LPC coefficients through the step-down algorithm, and
+ extracting the prediction gain from the reflection coefficients as
+
+
+ K
+ ___ 2 -0.5
+ predGain = ( | | 1 - (r_k) ) ,
+ k=1
+
+
+ where r_k is the k'th reflection coefficient.
+
+ Initial values for the quantization gains are computed as the square-
+ root of the residual energy of the LPC analysis, adjusted by the
+ coding quality control parameter. These quantization gains are later
+ adjusted based on the results of the prediction analysis.
+
+5.2.5. Prefilter
+
+ In the prefilter the input signal is filtered using the spectral
+ valley de-emphasis filter coefficients from the noise shaping
+ analysis, see Section 5.2.4. By applying only the noise shaping
+ analysis filter to the input signal, it provides the input to the
+ noise shaping quantizer.
+
+5.2.6. Prediction Analysis
+
+ The prediction analysis is performed in one of two ways depending on
+ how the pitch estimator classified the frame. The processing for
+ voiced and unvoiced speech are described in Section 5.2.6.1 and
+ Section 5.2.6.2, respectively. Inputs to this function include the
+ pre-whitened signal from the pitch estimator, see Section 5.2.3.
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+5.2.6.1. Voiced Speech
+
+ For a frame of voiced speech the pitch pulses will remain dominant in
+ the pre-whitened input signal. Further whitening is desirable as it
+ leads to higher quality at the same available bitrate. To achieve
+ this, a Long-Term Prediction (LTP) analysis is carried out to
+ estimate the coefficients of a fifth order LTP filter for each of
+ four subframes. The LTP coefficients are used to find an LTP
+ residual signal with the simulated output signal as input to obtain
+ better modeling of the output signal. This LTP residual signal is
+ the input to an LPC analysis where the LPCs are estimated using Burgs
+ method, such that the residual energy is minimized. The estimated
+ LPCs are converted to a Line Spectral Frequency (LSF) vector, and
+ quantized as described in Section 5.2.7. After quantization, the
+ quantized LSF vector is converted to LPC coefficients and hence by
+ using these quantized coefficients the encoder remains fully
+ synchronized with the decoder. The LTP coefficients are quantized
+ using a method described in Section 5.2.8. The quantized LPC and LTP
+ coefficients are now used to filter the high-pass filtered input
+ signal and measure a residual energy for each of the four subframes.
+
+5.2.6.2. Unvoiced Speech
+
+ For a speech signal that has been classified as unvoiced there is no
+ need for LTP filtering as it has already been determined that the
+ pre-whitened input signal is not periodic enough within the allowed
+ pitch period range for an LTP analysis to be worth-while the cost in
+ terms of complexity and rate. Therefore, the pre-whitened input
+ signal is discarded and instead the high-pass filtered input signal
+ is used for LPC analysis using Burgs method. The resulting LPC
+ coefficients are converted to an LSF vector, quantized as described
+ in the following section and transformed back to obtain quantized LPC
+ coefficients. The quantized LPC coefficients are used to filter the
+ high-pass filtered input signal and measure a residual energy for
+ each of the four subframes.
+
+5.2.7. LSF Quantization
+
+ The purpose of quantization in general is to significantly lower the
+ bit rate at the cost of some introduced distortion. A higher rate
+ should always result in lower distortion, and lowering the rate will
+ generally lead to higher distortion. A commonly used but generally
+ sub-optimal approach is to use a quantization method with a constant
+ rate where only the error is minimized when quantizing.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+5.2.7.1. Rate-Distortion Optimization
+
+ Instead, we minimize an objective function that consists of a
+ weighted sum of rate and distortion, and use a codebook with an
+ associated non-uniform rate table. Thus, we take into account that
+ the probability mass function for selecting the codebook entries are
+ by no means guaranteed to be uniform in our scenario. The advantage
+ of this approach is that it ensures that rarely used codebook vector
+ centroids, which are modeling statistical outliers in the training
+ set can be quantized with a low error but with a relatively high cost
+ in terms of a high rate. At the same time this approach also
+ provides the advantage that frequently used centroids are modeled
+ with low error and a relatively low rate. This approach will lead to
+ equal or lower distortion than the fixed rate codebook at any given
+ average rate, provided that the data is similar to the data used for
+ training the codebook.
+
+5.2.7.2. Error Mapping
+
+ Instead of minimizing the error in the LSF domain, we map the errors
+ to better approximate spectral distortion by applying an individual
+ weight to each element in the error vector. The weight vectors are
+ calculated for each input vector using the Inverse Harmonic Mean
+ Weighting (IHMW) function proposed by Laroia et al., see
+ [laroia-icassp]. Consequently, we solve the following minimization
+ problem, i.e.,
+
+
+ LSF_q = argmin { (LSF - c)' * W * (LSF - c) + mu * rate },
+ c in C
+
+
+ where LSF_q is the quantized vector, LSF is the input vector to be
+ quantized, and c is the quantized LSF vector candidate taken from the
+ set C of all possible outcomes of the codebook.
+
+5.2.7.3. Multi-Stage Vector Codebook
+
+ We arrange the codebook in a multiple stage structure to achieve a
+ quantizer that is both memory efficient and highly scalable in terms
+ of computational complexity, see e.g. [sinervo-norsig]. In the first
+ stage the input is the LSF vector to be quantized, and in any other
+ stage s > 1, the input is the quantization error from the previous
+ stage, see Figure 14.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage S:
+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
+ | c_{1,1} | | c_{2,1} | | c_{S,1} |
+ LSF +----------+ res_1 +----------+ res_{S-1} +----------+
+ --->| c_{1,2} |------>| c_{2,2} |--> ... --->| c_{S,2} |--->
+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ res_S =
+ ... ... ... LSF-LSF_q
+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
+ |c_{1,M1-1}| |c_{2,M2-1}| |c_{S,MS-1}|
+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
+ | c_{1,M1} | | c_{2,M2} | | c_{S,MS} |
+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
+
+
+ Multi-Stage LSF Vector Codebook Structure.
+
+ Figure 14
+
+ By storing total of M codebook vectors, i.e.,
+
+
+ S
+ __
+ M = \ Ms,
+ /_
+ s=1
+
+
+ where M_s is the number of vectors in stage s, we obtain a total of
+
+
+ S
+ ___
+ T = | | Ms
+ s=1
+
+
+ possible combinations for generating the quantized vector. It is for
+ example possible to represent 2**36 uniquely combined vectors using
+ only 216 vectors in memory, as done in SILK for voiced speech at all
+ sample frequencies above 8 kHz.
+
+5.2.7.4. Survivor Based Codebook Search
+
+ This number of possible combinations is far too high for a full
+ search to be carried out for each frame so for all stages but the
+ last, i.e., s smaller than S, only the best min( L, Ms ) centroids
+ are carried over to stage s+1. In each stage the objective function,
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ i.e., the weighted sum of accumulated bitrate and distortion, is
+ evaluated for each codebook vector entry and the results are sorted.
+ Only the best paths and the corresponding quantization errors are
+ considered in the next stage. In the last stage S the single best
+ path through the multistage codebook is determined. By varying the
+ maximum number of survivors from each stage to the next L, the
+ complexity can be adjusted in real-time at the cost of a potential
+ increase when evaluating the objective function for the resulting
+ quantized vector. This approach scales all the way between the two
+ extremes, L=1 being a greedy search, and the desirable but infeasible
+ full search, L=T/MS. In fact, a performance almost as good as what
+ can be achieved with the infeasible full search can be obtained at a
+ substantially lower complexity by using this approach, see e.g.
+ [leblanc-tsap].
+
+5.2.7.5. LSF Stabilization
+
+ If the input is stable, finding the best candidate will usually
+ result in the quantized vector also being stable, but due to the
+ multi-stage approach it could in theory happen that the best
+ quantization candidate is unstable and because of this there is a
+ need to explicitly ensure that the quantized vectors are stable.
+ Therefore we apply a LSF stabilization method which ensures that the
+ LSF parameters are within valid range, increasingly sorted, and have
+ minimum distances between each other and the border values that have
+ been pre-determined as the 0.01 percentile distance values from a
+ large training set.
+
+5.2.7.6. Off-Line Codebook Training
+
+ The vectors and rate tables for the multi-stage codebook have been
+ trained by minimizing the average of the objective function for LSF
+ vectors from a large training set.
+
+5.2.8. LTP Quantization
+
+ For voiced frames, the prediction analysis described in
+ Section 5.2.6.1 resulted in four sets (one set per subframe) of five
+ LTP coefficients, plus four weighting matrices. Also, the LTP
+ coefficients for each subframe are quantized using entropy
+ constrained vector quantization. A total of three vector codebooks
+ are available for quantization, with different rate-distortion trade-
+ offs. The three codebooks have 10, 20 and 40 vectors and average
+ rates of about 3, 4, and 5 bits per vector, respectively.
+ Consequently, the first codebook has larger average quantization
+ distortion at a lower rate, whereas the last codebook has smaller
+ average quantization distortion at a higher rate. Given the
+ weighting matrix W_ltp and LTP vector b, the weighted rate-distortion
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ measure for a codebook vector cb_i with rate r_i is give by
+
+
+ RD = u * (b - cb_i)' * W_ltp * (b - cb_i) + r_i,
+
+
+ where u is a fixed, heuristically-determined parameter balancing the
+ distortion and rate. Which codebook gives the best performance for a
+ given LTP vector depends on the weighting matrix for that LTP vector.
+ For example, for a low valued W_ltp, it is advantageous to use the
+ codebook with 10 vectors as it has a lower average rate. For a large
+ W_ltp, on the other hand, it is often better to use the codebook with
+ 40 vectors, as it is more likely to contain the best codebook vector.
+ The weighting matrix W_ltp depends mostly on two aspects of the input
+ signal. The first is the periodicity of the signal; the more
+ periodic the larger W_ltp. The second is the change in signal energy
+ in the current subframe, relative to the signal one pitch lag
+ earlier. A decaying energy leads to a larger W_ltp than an
+ increasing energy. Both aspects do not fluctuate very fast which
+ causes the W_ltp matrices for different subframes of one frame often
+ to be similar. As a result, one of the three codebooks typically
+ gives good performance for all subframes. Therefore the codebook
+ search for the subframe LTP vectors is constrained to only allow
+ codebook vectors to be chosen from the same codebook, resulting in a
+ rate reduction.
+
+ To find the best codebook, each of the three vector codebooks is used
+ to quantize all subframe LTP vectors and produce a combined weighted
+ rate-distortion measure for each vector codebook and the vector
+ codebook with the lowest combined rate-distortion over all subframes
+ is chosen. The quantized LTP vectors are used in the noise shaping
+ quantizer, and the index of the codebook plus the four indices for
+ the four subframe codebook vectors are passed on to the range
+ encoder.
+
+5.2.9. Noise Shaping Quantizer
+
+ The noise shaping quantizer independently shapes the signal and
+ coding noise spectra to obtain a perceptually higher quality at the
+ same bitrate.
+
+ The prefilter output signal is multiplied with a compensation gain G
+ computed in the noise shaping analysis. Then the output of a
+ synthesis shaping filter is added, and the output of a prediction
+ filter is subtracted to create a residual signal. The residual
+ signal is multiplied by the inverse quantized quantization gain from
+ the noise shaping analysis, and input to a scalar quantizer. The
+ quantization indices of the scalar quantizer represent a signal of
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ pulses that is input to the pyramid range encoder. The scalar
+ quantizer also outputs a quantization signal, which is multiplied by
+ the quantized quantization gain from the noise shaping analysis to
+ create an excitation signal. The output of the prediction filter is
+ added to the excitation signal to form the quantized output signal
+ y(n). The quantized output signal y(n) is input to the synthesis
+ shaping and prediction filters.
+
+5.2.10. Range Encoder
+
+ Range encoding is a well known method for entropy coding in which a
+ bitstream sequence is continually updated with every new symbol,
+ based on the probability for that symbol. It is similar to
+ arithmetic coding but rather than being restricted to generating
+ binary output symbols, it can generate symbols in any chosen number
+ base. In SILK all side information is range encoded. Each quantized
+ parameter has its own cumulative density function based on histograms
+ for the quantization indices obtained by running a training database.
+
+5.2.10.1. Bitstream Encoding Details
+
+ TBD.
+
+5.3. CELT Encoder
+
+ Copy from CELT draft.
+
+5.3.1. Pre-filter
+
+ Inverse of the post-filter
+
+5.3.2. Forward MDCT
+
+ The MDCT implementation has no special characteristics. The input is
+ a windowed signal (after pre-emphasis) of 2*N samples and the output
+ is N frequency-domain samples. A "low-overlap" window is used to
+ reduce the algorithmic delay. It is derived from a basic (full
+ overlap) window that is the same as the one used in the Vorbis codec:
+
+ pi pi n + 1/2 2
+ W(n) = [sin(-- * sin(-- * -------))] .
+ 2 2 L
+
+ The low-overlap window is created by zero-padding the basic window
+ and inserting ones in the middle, such that the resulting window
+ still satisfies power complementarity. The MDCT is computed in
+ mdct_forward() (mdct.c), which includes the windowing operation and a
+ scaling of 2/N.
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+5.3.3. Bands and Normalization
+
+ The MDCT output is divided into bands that are designed to match the
+ ear's critical bands for the smallest (2.5 ms) frame size. The
+ larger frame sizes use integer multiplies of the 2.5 ms layout. For
+ each band, the encoder computes the energy that will later be
+ encoded. Each band is then normalized by the square root of the
+ *unquantized* energy, such that each band now forms a unit vector X.
+ The energy and the normalization are computed by
+ compute_band_energies() and normalise_bands() (bands.c),
+ respectively.
+
+5.3.4. Energy Envelope Quantization
+
+ It is important to quantize the energy with sufficient resolution
+ because any energy quantization error cannot be compensated for at a
+ later stage. Regardless of the resolution used for encoding the
+ shape of a band, it is perceptually important to preserve the energy
+ in each band. CELT uses a coarse-fine strategy for encoding the
+ energy in the base-2 log domain, as implemented in quant_bands.c
+
+5.3.4.1. Coarse energy quantization
+
+ The coarse quantization of the energy uses a fixed resolution of 6
+ dB. To minimize the bitrate, prediction is applied both in time
+ (using the previous frame) and in frequency (using the previous
+ bands). The prediction using the previous frame can be disabled,
+ creating an "intra" frame where the energy is coded without reference
+ to prior frames. An encoder is able to choose the mode used at will
+ based on both loss robustness and efficiency considerations. The 2-D
+ z-transform of the prediction filter is:
+
+ -1 -1
+ (1 - alpha*z_l )*(1 - z_b )
+ A(z_l, z_b) = -----------------------------
+ -1
+ 1 - beta*z_b
+
+ where b is the band index and l is the frame index. The prediction
+ coefficients applied depend on the frame size in use when not using
+ intra energy and are alpha=0, beta=4915/32768 when using intra
+ energy. The time-domain prediction is based on the final fine
+ quantization of the previous frame, while the frequency domain
+ (within the current frame) prediction is based on coarse quantization
+ only (because the fine quantization has not been computed yet). The
+ prediction is clamped internally so that fixed point implementations
+ with limited dynamic range do not suffer desynchronization.
+ Identical prediction clamping must be implemented in all encoders and
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ decoders. We approximate the ideal probability distribution of the
+ prediction error using a Laplace distribution with separate
+ parameters for each frame size in intra and inter-frame modes. The
+ coarse energy quantization is performed by quant_coarse_energy() and
+ quant_coarse_energy() (quant_bands.c). The encoding of the Laplace-
+ distributed values is implemented in ec_laplace_encode() (laplace.c).
+
+5.3.4.2. Fine energy quantization
+
+ After the coarse energy quantization and encoding, the bit allocation
+ is computed (Section 4.3.3) and the number of bits to use for
+ refining the energy quantization is determined for each band. Let
+ B_i be the number of fine energy bits for band i; the refinement is
+ an integer f in the range [0,2**B_i-1]. The mapping between f and
+ the correction applied to the coarse energy is equal to (f+1/2)/
+ 2**B_i - 1/2. Fine energy quantization is implemented in
+ quant_fine_energy() (quant_bands.c).
+
+ If any bits are unused at the end of the encoding process, these bits
+ are used to increase the resolution of the fine energy encoding in
+ some bands. Priority is given to the bands for which the allocation
+ (Section 4.3.3) was rounded down. At the same level of priority,
+ lower bands are encoded first. Refinement bits are added until there
+ is no more room for fine energy or until each band has gained an
+ additional bit of precision or has the maximum fine energy precision.
+ This is implemented in quant_energy_finalise() (quant_bands.c).
+
+5.3.5. Spherical Vector Quantization
+
+ CELT uses a Pyramid Vector Quantization (PVQ) [PVQ] codebook for
+ quantizing the details of the spectrum in each band that have not
+ been predicted by the pitch predictor. The PVQ codebook consists of
+ all sums of K signed pulses in a vector of N samples, where two
+ pulses at the same position are required to have the same sign. Thus
+ the codebook includes all integer codevectors y of N dimensions that
+ satisfy sum(abs(y(j))) = K.
+
+ In bands where there are sufficient bits allocated the PVQ is used to
+ encode the unit vector that results from the normalization in
+ Section 5.3.3 directly. Given a PVQ codevector y, the unit vector X
+ is obtained as X = y/||y||, where ||.|| denotes the L2 norm.
+
+5.3.5.1. PVQ Search
+
+ The search for the best codevector y is performed by alg_quant()
+ (vq.c). There are several possible approaches to the search with a
+ tradeoff between quality and complexity. The method used in the
+ reference implementation computes an initial codeword y1 by
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ projecting the residual signal R = X - p' onto the codebook pyramid
+ of K-1 pulses:
+
+ y0 = round_towards_zero( (K-1) * R / sum(abs(R)))
+
+ Depending on N, K and the input data, the initial codeword y0 may
+ contain from 0 to K-1 non-zero values. All the remaining pulses,
+ with the exception of the last one, are found iteratively with a
+ greedy search that minimizes the normalized correlation between y and
+ R:
+
+ T
+ J = -R * y / ||y||
+
+ The search described above is considered to be a good trade-off
+ between quality and computational cost. However, there are other
+ possible ways to search the PVQ codebook and the implementers MAY use
+ any other search methods.
+
+5.3.5.2. Index Encoding
+
+ The best PVQ codeword is encoded as a uniformly-distributed integer
+ value by encode_pulses() (cwrs.c). The codeword is converted from a
+ unique index in the same way as specified in [PVQ]. The indexing is
+ based on the calculation of V(N,K) (denoted N(L,K) in [PVQ]), which
+ is the number of possible combinations of K pulses in N samples.
+
+5.3.6. Stereo support
+
+ When encoding a stereo stream, some parameters are shared across the
+ left and right channels, while others are transmitted separately for
+ each channel, or jointly encoded. Only one copy of the flags for the
+ features, transients and pitch (pitch period and filter parameters)
+ are transmitted. The coarse and fine energy parameters are
+ transmitted separately for each channel. Both the coarse energy and
+ fine energy (including the remaining fine bits at the end of the
+ stream) have the left and right bands interleaved in the stream, with
+ the left band encoded first.
+
+ The main difference between mono and stereo coding is the PVQ coding
+ of the normalized vectors. In stereo mode, a normalized mid-side
+ (M-S) encoding is used. Let L and R be the normalized vector of a
+ certain band for the left and right channels, respectively. The mid
+ and side vectors are computed as M=L+R and S=L-R and no longer have
+ unit norm.
+
+ From M and S, an angular parameter theta=2/pi*atan2(||S||, ||M||) is
+ computed. The theta parameter is converted to a Q14 fixed-point
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ parameter itheta, which is quantized on a scale from 0 to 1 with an
+ interval of 2**(-qb), where qb is based the number of bits allocated
+ to the band. From here on, the value of itheta MUST be treated in a
+ bit-exact manner since both the encoder and decoder rely on it to
+ infer the bit allocation.
+
+ Let m=M/||M|| and s=S/||S||; m and s are separately encoded with the
+ PVQ encoder described in Section 5.3.5. The number of bits allocated
+ to m and s depends on the value of itheta.
+
+5.3.7. Synthesis
+
+ After all the quantization is completed, the quantized energy is used
+ along with the quantized normalized band data to resynthesize the
+ MDCT spectrum. The inverse MDCT (Section 4.3.7) and the weighted
+ overlap-add are applied and the signal is stored in the "synthesis
+ buffer". The encoder MAY omit this step of the processing if it does
+ not need the decoded output.
+
+5.3.8. Variable Bitrate (VBR)
+
+ Each CELT frame can be encoded in a different number of octets,
+ making it possible to vary the bitrate at will. This property can be
+ used to implement source-controlled variable bitrate (VBR). Support
+ for VBR is OPTIONAL for the encoder, but a decoder MUST be prepared
+ to decode a stream that changes its bitrate dynamically. The method
+ used to vary the bitrate in VBR mode is left to the implementer, as
+ long as each frame can be decoded by the reference decoder.
+
+
+
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+
+
+6. Conformance
+
+ It is the intention to allow the greatest possible choice of freedom
+ in implementing the specification. For this reason, outside of a few
+ exceptions noted in this section, conformance is defined through the
+ reference implementation of the decoder provided in Appendix A.
+ Although this document includes an English description of the codec,
+ should the description contradict the source code of the reference
+ implementation, the latter shall take precedence.
+
+ Compliance with this specification means that a decoder's output MUST
+ be within the thresholds specified by the opus_compare.c tool in
+ Appendix B compared to the reference implementation.
+
+ To complement the Opus specification, the "Opus Custom" codec is
+ defined to handle special sampling rates and frame rates that are not
+ supported by the main Opus specification. Use of Opus Custom is
+ discouraged for all but very special applications for which a frame
+ size different from 2.5, 5, 10, 20 ms is needed (for either
+ complexity or latency reasons). Such applications will not be
+ compatible with the "main" Opus codec. In Opus Custom operation,
+ only the CELT later is available, which is available using the celt_*
+ function calls in celt.h.
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+7. Security Considerations
+
+ The codec needs to take appropriate security considerations into
+ account, as outlined in [DOS] and [SECGUIDE]. It is extremely
+ important for the decoder to be robust against malicious payloads.
+ Malicious payloads must not cause the decoder to overrun its
+ allocated memory or to take an excessive amount of resources to
+ decode. Although problems in encoders are typically rarer, the same
+ applies to the encoder. Malicious audio stream must not cause the
+ encoder to misbehave because this would allow an attacker to attack
+ transcoding gateways.
+
+ The reference implementation contains no known buffer overflow or
+ cases where a specially crafted packet or audio segment could cause a
+ significant increase in CPU load. However, on certain CPU
+ architectures where denormalized floating-point operations are much
+ slower than normal floating-point operations it is possible for some
+ audio content (e.g., silence or near-silence) to cause such an
+ increase in CPU load. Denormals can be introduced by reordering
+ operations in the compiler and depend on the target architecture, so
+ it is difficult to guarantee an implementation avoids them. For such
+ architectures, it is RECOMMENDED that one add very small floating-
+ point offsets to prevent significant numbers of denormalized
+ operations or to configure the hardware to treat denormals as zero
+ (DAZ). No such issue exists for the fixed-point reference
+ implementation.
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+8. IANA Considerations
+
+ This document has no actions for IANA.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+9. Acknowledgments
+
+ Thanks to all other developers, including Raymond Chen, Soeren Skak
+ Jensen, Gregory Maxwell, Christopher Montgomery, and Karsten Vandborg
+ Soerensen. We would also like to thank Igor Dyakonov, Jan Skoglund
+ for their help with subjective testing of the Opus codec. Thanks to
+ John Ridges, Keith Yan and many others on the Opus and CELT mailing
+ lists for their bug reports and feeback.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+10. Informative References
+
+ [SILK] Vos, K., Jensen, S., and K. Soerensen, "SILK Speech
+ Codec", draft-vos-silk-01 (work in progress), March 2010.
+
+ [laroia-icassp]
+ Laroia, R., Phamdo, N., and N. Farvardin, "Robust and
+ Efficient Quantization of Speech LSP Parameters Using
+ Structured Vector Quantization", ICASSP-1991, Proc. IEEE
+ Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, pp. 641-
+ 644, October 1991.
+
+ [sinervo-norsig]
+ Sinervo, U., Nurminen, J., Heikkinen, A., and J. Saarinen,
+ "Evaluation of Split and Multistage Techniques in LSF
+ Quantization", NORSIG-2001, Norsk symposium i
+ signalbehandling, Trondheim, Norge, October 2001.
+
+ [leblanc-tsap]
+ LeBlanc, W., Bhattacharya, B., Mahmoud, S., and V.
+ Cuperman, "Efficient Search and Design Procedures for
+ Robust Multi-Stage VQ of LPC Parameters for 4 kb/s Speech
+ Coding", IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing,
+ Vol. 1, No. 4, October 1993.
+
+ [CELT] Valin, J-M., Terriberry, T., Maxwell, G., and C.
+ Montgomery, "Constrained-Energy Lapped Transform (CELT)
+ Codec", draft-valin-celt-codec-02 (work in progress),
+ July 2010.
+
+ [DOS] Handley, M., Rescorla, E., and IAB, "Internet Denial-of-
+ Service Considerations", RFC 4732, December 2006.
+
+ [SECGUIDE]
+ Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
+ Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
+ July 2003.
+
+ [range-coding]
+ Nigel, G. and N. Martin, "Range encoding: An algorithm for
+ removing redundancy from a digitised message", Proc.
+ Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers
+ International Conference on Video and Data Recording ,
+ 1979.
+
+ [coding-thesis]
+ Pasco, R., "Source coding algorithms for fast data
+ compression", Ph.D. thesis Dept. of Electrical
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ Engineering, Stanford University, May 1976.
+
+ [PVQ] Fischer, T., "A Pyramid Vector Quantizer", IEEE Trans. on
+ Information Theory, Vol. 32 pp. 568-583, July 1986.
+
+ [1] <http://developer.skype.com/silk>
+
+ [2] <http://www.celt-codec.org/>
+
+ [3] <git://git.opus-codec.org/opus.git>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+Appendix A. Reference Implementation
+
+ This appendix contains the complete source code for the reference
+ implementation of the Opus codec written in C. This implementation
+ can be compiled for either floating-point or fixed-point
+ architectures.
+
+ The implementation can be compiled with either a C89 or a C99
+ compiler. It is reasonably optimized for most platforms such that
+ only architecture-specific optimizations are likely to be useful.
+ The FFT used is a slightly modified version of the KISS-FFT package,
+ but it is easy to substitute any other FFT library.
+
+A.1. Extracting the source
+
+ The complete source code can be extracted from this draft, by running
+ the following command line:
+
+ o cat draft-ietf-codec-opus.txt | grep '^\ \ \ ###' | sed
+ 's/\s\s\s###//' | base64 -d > opus_source.tar.gz
+
+ o tar xzvf opus_source.tar.gz
+
+ o cd opus_source
+
+ o make
+
+A.2. Development Versions
+
+ The current development version of the source code is available in a
+ Git repository [3]. Development snapshots are provided at
+ <http://opus-codec.org/>.
+
+A.3. Base64-encoded source code
+
+ ###H4sIALY3S04AA+w8a3faSLL5Gv2KnuzZBAjEgLHjiR/3YCxs3cHgBRxPdu4cVhaN0U
+ ###RIrCTiOJP891vV3ZK6JYGxzczcPTecGQdJXY+uqq5Xt/Dmi2AUeAvfolvP/qBPFT5v
+ ###d3bw39rbnar8b/R5Vqvt1uu729u7u7vPqrVafXvnGdn5oxiSP4sgNH1Cnv02Wz3uvu
+ ###f/oR9P0n+rd/HB6J5unAYqeLfRWKb/3Z23NdR/tQGDqjswrlavv60/I9WNc5Lz+X+u
+ ###/5Y3v/Ptm2lI6qCVSh3WHvnZnk/f9PybMhl8vJvTMulZoRnYVlkjOZ//pqZbOTd9i7
+ ###w3Hdstk6E988LpHTl+Q4bU9+1r+HOXD9saGP1emZjumAAI9YnluSFALELPDzStT8d2
+ ###wK9tz2XDFgEltku4xbI717Zr+ndk4vmzoExu7XBKPJ/96y1CbeaN7YltmYgACPmUzK
+ ###k/s8OQjsnc9z7ZY/gSTs0Q/lBA4jjere3eICNjG4ECDYFmNHynaRWichQQbxKxYnlj
+ ###GAbWRHwamsAi4jOvvU/4SMhYc73QtkCg4dQOiAOYEEFCis1H5QPIWY5pz6j/Jo8+0J
+ ###HmH9GHiY0XwNOmWSB8WtrYsxYz6oZmpJYtkDhX4MwMqW+bTpBIl6kEUcqsw2yGZ8aA
+ ###DHrt4VWzrxP4ftHvvTdO9BNy/IEMz3SC/qhvnJ4NyVmvc6L3B6TZPYG73WHfOL4c9v
+ ###oD7V//ag4A9NUr9qjZ/UD0ny/6+mBAen1inF90DEAH+PvN7tDQB2VidFudyxPwcmUC
+ ###KEi3N9Q6xrkxhGFDsEQkmwUjvTY51/utM7hsHhsdY/iB0Wsbwy7Savf6WpNcNPtDo3
+
+
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+
+ ###XZafbJxWX/ojfQCU7sxBi0Ok3jXD95Q4A8kCT6e707JIOzZqfDKLZ7l92T5tDodYFt
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+ ###tykaEPABUZ0SLhawyzEwCGZJJvCAcF0E3iS8RT1H1haTmfs2GqGPFuNy2wkCxj96w6
+ ###zH7oBLAYc1gCXMViS61g+vIEI0h+iLWFAYMO96ii4aIDQWMyCICNA35JHhRXW/r149
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+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+ ###aL8KnoDNI+FZ7i+oTiHRSbO0IJ+yz4RnfKLOIm0fYlBMliEmLgCgMF4hz1fipCJqgu
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+ ###+/MlxrZL0JmgylYjHt+ZVyt5YYSKqgXcF9UV3tP8iQiV2qqR66HVbfor0wB8T7oIhB
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+ ###rnWg5IqqCwLIWys4WvbnrOIPTx1cjxYja721cHLdvJYWMlzUYNlCh/jxPh5iL0Zmzz
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 118]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 119]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 130]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 131]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 132]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 154]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 156]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 157]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 162]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 163]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 165]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 166]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 167]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 168]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 169]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 171]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 172]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 173]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 174]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 175]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 177]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 180]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 182]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 183]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 184]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 186]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 188]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 189]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 190]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 192]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 193]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 194]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 195]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 196]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 201]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 205]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 207]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 212]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 213]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 214]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 215]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 216]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 217]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 220]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 225]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 228]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 229]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 230]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 231]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 232]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 243]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 244]
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 255]
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+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
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+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 256]
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+ ###t4bzg2McMbb5hSCt2TXeyB4T0mSGQbF5YS0egLEBYOMtWKj1LcH5tdgN3tbdskHqb4
+ ###i2gIhql9+Pjs/n8MCmM6jsxmM10iybbMYKwEOsyYfjE+y326rPds/9pv5H/P/ZpdV9
+ ###mpLVDm7XZzYSncYVtYCIlaDCq5VbygoEw/tqAcRnV+Y+pDW7Fs2qbj28xvAN5Ue3h4
+ ###jFjiswgPqQHCSrCPqU/X82nbJIXemu+iq1uMt2++Hk9NxSIy2cXX0WXqG9PRQi1MU4
+ ###OeFxCGS2YBSqmInyNbq1gZNhsyGCsrK6qhiTeo9vcSc5Mc/lwBwOxpqAi6b9XPKMv5
+ ###P5sOM4uhWn7LsnZmFeENJhs0sxA1GhVUfgEgKreAtE3iBeVQBeLB8uxyo3EUg0F+HU
+ ###zChGlZhQHeAn6KyZ+sl8xS0/BqDooStKmv5mDNKR9Hg3kw9FnyWbddtGRmuXg8/IKT
+ ###QGaBr8F0AswTczInkRU3JbF7vH2mSOJwHMwyjAEoqxizSklVwDKK6AKWUSgRsNwCKG
+ ###B5BVQByy2nCFhGOcuEnV3WNnJzyqojN6OYXb4zCivynVlCk++MUpnynVnekNqMconU
+ ###ZhTIktqs4lOQUFgTZxYoCkgzRbNLJUZptpDnMiAxOef9WWYptDKzvg3DL9Bz49FgPr
+ ###2IshuUMiKzJSJt22X3nznTLyi5sBDM8jnCMuUsKh2p5VM+5VM+5VM+5VM+5VM+5fNE
+ ###z/8PR5HEGgB4HgA=
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 260]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+Appendix B. opus_compare.c
+
+
+
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ #include <stdlib.h>
+ #include <math.h>
+ #include <string.h>
+
+ #define OPUS_PI (3.14159265F)
+
+ #define OPUS_MIN(_x,_y) ((_x)<(_y)?(_x):(_y))
+ #define OPUS_MAX(_x,_y) ((_x)>(_y)?(_x):(_y))
+ #define OPUS_CLAMP(_a,_b,_c) OPUS_MAX(_a,OPUS_MIN(_b,_c))
+ #define OPUS_COSF(_x) ((float)cos(_x))
+ #define OPUS_SINF(_x) ((float)sin(_x))
+ #define OPUS_SQRTF(_x) ((float)sqrt(_x))
+ #define OPUS_LOG10F(_x) ((float)log10(_x))
+
+ static void *check_alloc(void *_ptr){
+ if(_ptr==NULL){
+ fprintf(stderr,"Out of memory.\n");
+ exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+ }
+ return _ptr;
+ }
+
+ static void *opus_malloc(size_t _size){
+ return check_alloc(malloc(_size));
+ }
+
+ static void *opus_realloc(void *_ptr,size_t _size){
+ return check_alloc(realloc(_ptr,_size));
+ }
+
+ static size_t read_pcm16(float **_samples,FILE *_fin,
+ int _nchannels){
+ unsigned char buf[1024];
+ float *samples;
+ size_t nsamples;
+ size_t csamples;
+ size_t xi;
+ size_t nread;
+ samples=NULL;
+ nsamples=csamples=0;
+ for(;;){
+ nread=fread(buf,2*_nchannels,1024/(2*_nchannels),_fin);
+ if(nread<=0)break;
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 261]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ if(nsamples+nread>csamples){
+ do csamples=csamples<<1|1;
+ while(nsamples+nread>csamples);
+ samples=(float *)opus_realloc(samples,
+ _nchannels*csamples*sizeof(*samples));
+ }
+ for(xi=0;xi<nread;xi++){
+ int ci;
+ for(ci=0;ci<_nchannels;ci++){
+ int s;
+ s=buf[2*(xi*_nchannels+ci)+1]<<8|buf[2*(xi*_nchannels+ci)];
+ s=((s&0xFFFF)^0x8000)-0x8000;
+ samples[(nsamples+xi)*_nchannels+ci]=s;
+ }
+ }
+ nsamples+=nread;
+ }
+ *_samples=(float *)opus_realloc(samples,
+ _nchannels*nsamples*sizeof(*samples));
+ return nsamples;
+ }
+
+ static void band_energy(float *_out,const int *_bands,int _nbands,
+ const float *_in,int _nchannels,size_t _nframes,int _window_sz,
+ int _step){
+ float *window;
+ float *x;
+ float *c;
+ float *s;
+ size_t xi;
+ int xj;
+ window=(float *)opus_malloc((3+_nchannels)*_window_sz
+ *sizeof(*window));
+ c=window+_window_sz;
+ s=c+_window_sz;
+ x=s+_window_sz;
+ for(xj=0;xj<_window_sz;xj++){
+ window[xj]=0.5F-0.5F*OPUS_COSF((2*OPUS_PI/(_window_sz-1))*xj);
+ }
+ for(xj=0;xj<_window_sz;xj++)
+ c[xj]=OPUS_COSF((2*OPUS_PI/_window_sz)*xj);
+ for(xj=0;xj<_window_sz;xj++)
+ s[xj]=OPUS_SINF((2*OPUS_PI/_window_sz)*xj);
+ for(xi=0;xi<_nframes;xi++){
+ int ci;
+ int xk;
+ int bi;
+ for(ci=0;ci<_nchannels;ci++){
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 262]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ for(xk=0;xk<_window_sz;xk++){
+ x[ci*_window_sz+xk]=window[xk]
+ *_in[(xi*_step+xk)*_nchannels+ci];
+ }
+ }
+ for(bi=xj=0;bi<_nbands;bi++){
+ float e2;
+ e2=0;
+ for(;xj<_bands[bi+1];xj++){
+ float p;
+ p=0;
+ for(ci=0;ci<_nchannels;ci++){
+ float re;
+ float im;
+ int ti;
+ ti=0;
+ re=im=0;
+ for(xk=0;xk<_window_sz;xk++){
+ re+=c[ti]*x[ci*_window_sz+xk];
+ im-=s[ti]*x[ci*_window_sz+xk];
+ ti+=xj;
+ if(ti>=_window_sz)ti-=_window_sz;
+ }
+ p+=OPUS_SQRTF(re*re+im*im);
+ }
+ p*=(1.0F/_nchannels);
+ e2+=p*p;
+ }
+ _out[xi*_nbands+bi]=e2/(_bands[bi+1]-_bands[bi])+1;
+ }
+ }
+ free(window);
+ }
+
+ static int cmp_float(const void *_a,const void *_b){
+ float a;
+ float b;
+ a=*(const float *)_a;
+ b=*(const float *)_b;
+ return (a>b)-(a<b);
+ }
+
+ #define NBANDS (21)
+
+ /*Bands on which we compute the pseudo-NMR (Bark-derived
+ CELT bands).*/
+ static const int BANDS[NBANDS+1]={
+ 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,20,24,28,32,40,48,56,68,80,96,120,156,200
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 263]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ };
+
+ /*Per-band NMR threshold.*/
+ static const float NMR_THRESH[NBANDS]={
+ 85113.804F,72443.596F,61659.5F, 52480.746F,44668.359F,38018.940F,
+ 32359.366F,27542.287F,23442.288F,19952.623F,16982.437F,14454.398F,
+ 12302.688F,10471.285F, 8912.5094F,7585.7758F,6456.5423F,5495.4087F,
+ 4677.3514F,3981.0717F,3388.4416F
+ };
+
+ /*Noise floor.*/
+ static const float NOISE_FLOOR[NBANDS]={
+ 8.7096359F,7.5857758F,6.6069345F,5.7543994F,5.0118723F,4.3651583F,
+ 3.8018940F,3.3113112F,2.8840315F,2.5118864F,2.1877616F,1.9054607F,
+ 1.6595869F,1.4454398F,1.2589254F,1.0964782F,0.95499259F,0.83176377F,
+ 0.72443596F,0.63095734F,0.54954087F
+ };
+
+ #define TEST_WIN_SIZE (480)
+ #define TEST_WIN_STEP (TEST_WIN_SIZE>>1)
+
+ int main(int _argc,const char **_argv){
+ FILE *fin1;
+ FILE *fin2;
+ float *x;
+ float *y;
+ float *xb;
+ float *eb;
+ float *nmr;
+ float thresh;
+ float mismatch;
+ float err;
+ float nmr_sum;
+ size_t weight;
+ size_t xlength;
+ size_t ylength;
+ size_t nframes;
+ size_t xi;
+ int bi;
+ int nchannels;
+ if(_argc<3||_argc>4){
+ fprintf(stderr,"Usage: %s [-s] <file1.sw> <file2.sw>\n",
+ _argv[0]);
+ return EXIT_FAILURE;
+ }
+ nchannels=1;
+ if(strcmp(_argv[1],"-s")==0)nchannels=2;
+ fin1=fopen(_argv[nchannels],"rb");
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 264]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ if(fin1==NULL){
+ fprintf(stderr,"Error opening '%s'.\n",_argv[nchannels]);
+ return EXIT_FAILURE;
+ }
+ fin2=fopen(_argv[nchannels+1],"rb");
+ if(fin2==NULL){
+ fprintf(stderr,"Error opening '%s'.\n",_argv[nchannels+1]);
+ fclose(fin1);
+ return EXIT_FAILURE;
+ }
+ /*Read in the data and allocate scratch space.*/
+ xlength=read_pcm16(&x,fin1,nchannels);
+ fclose(fin1);
+ ylength=read_pcm16(&y,fin2,nchannels);
+ fclose(fin2);
+ if(xlength!=ylength){
+ fprintf(stderr,"Sample counts do not match (%lu!=%lu).\n",
+ (unsigned long)xlength,(unsigned long)ylength);
+ return EXIT_FAILURE;
+ }
+ if(xlength<TEST_WIN_SIZE){
+ fprintf(stderr,"Insufficient sample data (%lu<%i).\n",
+ (unsigned long)xlength,TEST_WIN_SIZE);
+ return EXIT_FAILURE;
+ }
+ nframes=(xlength-TEST_WIN_SIZE+TEST_WIN_STEP)/TEST_WIN_STEP;
+ xb=(float *)opus_malloc(nframes*NBANDS*sizeof(*xb));
+ eb=(float *)opus_malloc(nframes*NBANDS*sizeof(*eb));
+ nmr=(float *)opus_malloc(nframes*NBANDS*sizeof(*nmr));
+ /*Compute the error signal.*/
+ for(xi=0;xi<xlength*nchannels;xi++){
+ err=x[xi]-y[xi];
+ y[xi]=err-OPUS_CLAMP(-1,err,1);
+ }
+ /*Compute the per-band spectral energy of the original signal
+ and the error.*/
+ band_energy(xb,BANDS,NBANDS,x,nchannels,nframes,
+ TEST_WIN_SIZE,TEST_WIN_STEP);
+ free(x);
+ band_energy(eb,BANDS,NBANDS,y,nchannels,nframes,
+ TEST_WIN_SIZE,TEST_WIN_STEP);
+ free(y);
+ nmr_sum=0;
+ for(xi=0;xi<nframes;xi++){
+ /*Frequency masking (low to high): 10 dB/Bark slope.*/
+ for(bi=1;bi<NBANDS;bi++)
+ xb[xi*NBANDS+bi]+=0.1F*xb[xi*NBANDS+bi-1];
+ /*Frequency masking (high to low): 15 dB/Bark slope.*/
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 265]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ for(bi=NBANDS-1;bi-->0;)
+ xb[xi*NBANDS+bi]+=0.03F*xb[xi*NBANDS+bi+1];
+ if(xi>0){
+ /*Temporal masking: 5 dB/5ms slope.*/
+ for(bi=0;bi<NBANDS;bi++)
+ xb[xi*NBANDS+bi]+=0.3F*xb[(xi-1)*NBANDS+bi];
+ }
+ /*Compute NMR.*/
+ for(bi=0;bi<NBANDS;bi++){
+ nmr[xi*NBANDS+bi]=xb[xi*NBANDS+bi]/eb[xi*NBANDS+bi];
+ nmr_sum+=10*OPUS_LOG10F(nmr[xi*NBANDS+bi]);
+ }
+ }
+ /*Find the 90th percentile of the errors.*/
+ memcpy(xb,eb,nframes*NBANDS*sizeof(*xb));
+ qsort(xb,nframes*NBANDS,sizeof(*xb),cmp_float);
+ thresh=xb[(9*nframes*NBANDS+5)/10];
+ free(xb);
+ /*Compute the mismatch.*/
+ mismatch=0;
+ weight=0;
+ for(xi=0;xi<nframes;xi++){
+ for(bi=0;bi<NBANDS;bi++){
+ if(eb[xi*NBANDS+bi]>thresh){
+ mismatch+=NMR_THRESH[bi]/nmr[xi*NBANDS+bi];
+ weight++;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ free(nmr);
+ free(eb);
+ printf("Average pseudo-NMR: %3.2f dB\n",nmr_sum/(nframes*NBANDS));
+ if(weight<=0){
+ err=-100;
+ printf("Mismatch level: below noise floor\n");
+ }
+ else{
+ err=10*OPUS_LOG10F(mismatch/weight);
+ printf("Weighted mismatch: %3.2f dB\n",err);
+ }
+ printf("\n");
+ if(err<0){
+ printf("**Decoder PASSES test (mismatch < 0 dB)\n");
+ return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+ }
+ printf("**Decoder FAILS test (mismatch >= 0 dB)\n");
+ return EXIT_FAILURE;
+ }
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 266]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+Appendix C. Self-Delimiting Framing
+
+ To use the internal framing described in Section 3, the decoder must
+ know the total length of the Opus packet, in bytes. This section
+ describes a simple variation of that framing which can be used when
+ the total length of the packet is not known. Nothing in the encoding
+ of the packet itself allows a decoder to distinguish between the
+ regular, undelimited framing and the self-delimiting framing
+ described in this appendix. Which one is used and where must be
+ established by context at the transport layer. It is RECOMMENDED
+ that a transport layer choose exactly one framing scheme, rather than
+ allowing an encoder to signal which one it wants to use.
+
+ For example, although a regular Opus stream does not support more
+ than two channels, a multi-channel Opus stream may be formed from
+ several one- and two-channel streams. To pack an Opus packets from
+ each of these streams together in a single packet at the transport
+ layer, one could use the self-delimiting framing for all but the last
+ stream, and then the regular, undelimited framing for the last one.
+ Reverting to the undelimited framing for the last stream saves
+ overhead (because the total size of the transport-layer packet will
+ still be known), and ensures that a "multi-channel" stream which only
+ has a single Opus stream uses the same framing as a regular Opus
+ stream does. This avoids the need for signaling to distinguish these
+ two cases.
+
+ The self-delimiting framing is identical to the regular, undelimited
+ framing from Section 3, except that each Opus packet contains one
+ extra length field, encoded using the same one- or two-byte scheme
+ from Section 3.2.1. This extra length immediately precedes the
+ compressed data of the first Opus frame in the packet, and is
+ interpreted in the various modes as follows:
+
+ o Code 0 packets: It is the length of the single Opus frame (see
+ Figure 15).
+
+ o Code 1 packets: It is the length used for both of the Opus frames
+ (see Figure 16).
+
+ o Code 2 packets: It is the length of the second Opus frame (see
+ Figure 17).
+
+ o CBR Code 3 packets: It is the length used for all of the Opus
+ frames (see Figure 18).
+
+ o VBR Code 3 packets: It is the length of the last Opus frame (see
+ Figure 19).
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 267]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |0|0|s| config | N1 (1-2 bytes): |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
+ | Compressed frame 1 (N1 bytes)... :
+ : |
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 15: A Self-Delimited Code 0 Packet
+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |1|0|s| config | N1 (1-2 bytes): |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ :
+ | Compressed frame 1 (N1 bytes)... |
+ : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ :
+ | Compressed frame 2 (N1 bytes)... |
+ : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 16: A Self-Delimited Code 1 Packet
+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |0|1|s| config | N1 (1-2 bytes): N2 (1-2 bytes : |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ :
+ | Compressed frame 1 (N1 bytes)... |
+ : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
+ | Compressed frame 2 (N2 bytes)... :
+ : |
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 17: A Self-Delimited Code 2 Packet
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 268]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |1|1|s| config | M |p|0| Pad len (Opt) : N1 (1-2 bytes):
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame 1 (N1 bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame 2 (N1 bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : ... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame M (N1 bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ : Opus Padding (Optional)... |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 18: A Self-Delimited CBR Code 3 Packet
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 269]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |1|1|s| config | M |p|1| Padding length (Optional) :
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ : N1 (1-2 bytes): ... : N[M-1] | N[M] :
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame 1 (N1 bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame 2 (N2 bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : ... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ : Compressed frame M (N[M] bytes)... :
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ : Opus Padding (Optional)... |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 19: A Self-Delimited VBR Code 3 Packet
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 270]
+
+Internet-Draft Interactive Audio Codec August 2011
+
+
+Authors' Addresses
+
+ Jean-Marc Valin
+ Octasic Inc.
+ 4101, Molson Street
+ Montreal, Quebec
+ Canada
+
+ Phone: +1 514 282-8858
+ Email: jmvalin at jmvalin.ca
+
+
+ Koen Vos
+ Skype Technologies S.A.
+ Stadsgarden 6
+ Stockholm, 11645
+ SE
+
+ Phone: +46 855 921 989
+ Email: koen.vos at skype.net
+
+
+ Timothy Terriberry
+ Mozilla Corporation
+ 650 Castro Street
+ Mountain View, CA 94041
+ USA
+
+ Phone: +1 650 903-0800
+ Email: tterriberry at mozilla.com
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Valin, et al. Expires February 17, 2012 [Page 271]
+
diff --git a/opus.spec b/opus.spec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60a8404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opus.spec
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+Name: opus
+Version: 0.9.6
+Release: 1%{?dist}
+Summary: An audio codec for use in low-delay speech and audio communication
+
+Group: System Environment/Libraries
+License: BSD
+URL: http://www.opus-codec.org/
+Source0: http://downloads.xiph.org/releases/%{name}/%{name}-%{version}.tar.gz
+# This is the current IETF Working Group draft
+Source1: http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-ietf-codec-opus-08.txt
+#Source1: draft-ietf-codec-opus-08.txt
+
+%description
+The Opus codec is designed for interactive speech and audio transmission over
+the Internet. It is designed by the IETF Codec Working Group and incorporates
+technology from Skype's SILK codec and Xiph.Org's CELT codec.
+
+%package devel
+Summary: Development package for opus
+Group: Development/Libraries
+Requires: libogg-devel
+Requires: opus = %{version}-%{release}
+
+%description devel
+Files for development with opus.
+
+%prep
+%setup -q
+cp %{SOURCE1} .
+
+%build
+%configure
+
+make %{?_smp_mflags}
+
+%install
+make install DESTDIR=%{buildroot}
+
+# Remove libtool archives and static libs
+find %{buildroot} -name '*.la' -exec rm -f {} ';'
+find %{buildroot} -name '*.a' -exec rm -f {} ';'
+
+%post -p /sbin/ldconfig
+
+%postun -p /sbin/ldconfig
+
+%files
+%defattr(-,root,root,-)
+%doc COPYING README TODO draft-ietf-codec-opus-08.txt
+%{_libdir}/libopus.so.*
+
+%files devel
+%defattr(-,root,root,-)
+%{_includedir}/opus
+%{_libdir}/libopus.so
+
+%changelog
+* Mon Oct 10 2011 Peter Robinson <pbrobinson at fedoraproject.org> 0.9.6-1
+- Initial packaging
diff --git a/sources b/sources
index e69de29..7a69182 100644
--- a/sources
+++ b/sources
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+030556bcaebb241505f8577e92abe6d4 opus-0.9.6.tar.gz
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