When I use Fedora 25 Workstation Live plus gparted to shrink an ntfs partition,
then the result is corrupt. This is reproducible on a minimal install
of Windows 10 build 1510 (a raw system image dump fits on 2 DVD),
such as commonly available on inexpensive refurbished PCs. Running CHKDSK
immediately afterward detects and fixes the corruption for me.
Where/how should I start to investigate: which software component, etc.?